The History of Egypt

A Short-Lived Ruler. In 1349 BCE, Egypt had two kings. But not for long. The young ruler, Smenkhkare, was destined to die early. In this episode, we explore the strange case of Akhenaten's co-king... Date c.1349 BCE Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Social media www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast and www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Select Bibliography: Aldred, Cyril. Akhenaten: King of Egypt. 1988. Allen, James P. ‘Two Altered Inscriptions of the Late Amarna Period’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 25 (1988): 117–26. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000874. Dodson, Aidan. Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy. 2014. Dodson, Aidan. Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. 2nd Edition, 2017. Dodson, Aidan. ‘Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/3822009. Gabolde, Marc. D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon. 1998. Gabolde, Marc. ‘Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky’. In Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane, edited by Peter J. Brand and Louise Cooper, 2009. Murnane, William J. Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt. 1995. Redford, Donald B. Akhenaten: The Heretic King. 1984. Reeves, C. N. Akhenaten: Egypt’s False Prophet. 2001. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Child labour, plague, and dark deeds at Amarna. By regnal year 14 (c.1349 BCE) Akhenaten's capital city had grown to almost thirty thousand people. This massive growth carried a price, one that archaeologists are finding in the city's vast cemeteries... Date c.1349 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Music by Ancient Lyric www.bettinajoydeguzman.com  Select Bibliography: Dabbs, Gretchen R. ‘Bioarchaeology of the Non-Elite North Tombs Cemetery at Amarna: A Preliminary Assessment of the Non-Elite Individuals of the North Tombs Cemetery at Tell El-Amarna, Egypt’. Bioarchaeology International 3, no. 3 (2019): 174–86. https://doi.org/10.5744/bi.2019.1012. Dabbs, Gretchen R. ‘Human Bones from the South Tombs Cemetery: The 2013 Study Season’, 2013. https://www.amarnaproject.com/documents/pdf/STC-2013-bioarchaeology.pdf. Dodson, Aidan. Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2014. Egypt Exploration Society Website. ‘The Northern Cemeteries of Amarna’, 2018. https://www.ees.ac.uk/the-northern-cemeteries-of-amarna. Kemp, Barry J. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. 3rd Revised Edition. London: Routledge, 2018. Kemp, Barry J. ‘Tell El-Amarna, 2016’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 102 (2016): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/26379068. Kemp, Barry J.  The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People. First paperback edition. London: Thames & Hudson, 2014. Kemp, Barry, Anna Stevens, Gretchen R. Dabbs, Melissa Zabecki, and Jerome C. Rose. ‘Life, Death and Beyond in Akhenaten’s Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna’. Antiquity 87, no. 335 (2013): 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048626. Kuckens, Kathleen. ‘The Children of Amarna: Disease and Famine in the Time of Akhenaten’. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2013. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/888. Panagiotakopulu, Eva. ‘Pharaonic Egypt and the Origins of Plague’. Journal of Biogeography 31, no. 2 (2004): 269–75. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.01009.x. Shidner, Ashley. ‘Growing Up in Tell El-Amarna: An Examination of Growth and Non-Specific Stress Indicators in New Kingdom Children’. University of Arkansas, 2018. Stevens, Anna. ‘Death and the City: The Cemeteries of Amarna in Their Urban Context’ 28, no. 1 (2018): 103–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774317000592. Amarna Project website, ‘The South Tombs Cemetery’, 2013. https://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/excavation/south_tombs_cemetery/2013.shtml. Zakrzewski, Sonia R. ‘Variation in Ancient Egyptian Stature and Body Proportions’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121, no. 3 (1 July 2003): 219–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10223. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Royal Tombs, Amarna, Egyptology. Prof. Aidan Dodson has been in the game many years, and has published widely on a variety of topics. From his best-selling Amarna Sunset, Amarna Sunrise and The Royal Tombs of Ancient Egypt, Prof. Dodson is familiar to many who are interested in ancient Egypt. In this interview, he sat down to discuss the Amarna Period, royal tombs, and the science of history in Egyptology. A fascinating conversation, which I'm excited to share! Date c.1350 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Find more of Prof. Dodson's work and purchase his book The Royal Tombs of Ancient Egypt at Pen & Sword Publishing https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Aidan-Dodson/a/2681 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Mysterious Mummy. In this episode, we visit the historical crime scene known as Valley of the Kings tomb number 55. KV55 is easily the most analysed, debated, and confounding find in all of Egyptology... Date: c.1350 BCE and 1907 CE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Follow us on social media www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast and www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast.  Select Bibliography: Martha R. Bell, ‘An Armchair Excavation of KV 55’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 27 (1990): 97–137. R.C. Connolly, ‘Kinship of Smenkhkare and Tutankhamen Affirmed by Serological Micromethod: Microdetermination of Blood Group Substances in Ancient Human Tissue’. Nature 224, no. 5217 (1 October 1969): 325–325. Theodore M. Davis, The Tomb of Queen Tiyi: The Discovery of the Tomb. 2nd edition. London: Constable and Co Ltd, 1990. Aidan Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2014. Corrinne Duhig, ‘Comments on “Biological Age of the Skeletonised Mummy from Tomb KV55 at Thebes (Egypt)” by Eugen Strouhal’. Anthropologie 48, no. 2 (2010): 113–16. Marianne Eaton-Krauss, ‘“The Sarcophagus in the Tomb of Tutankhamun”: A Clarification’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 84 (1998): 210–12. Marianne Eaton-Krauss, ‘Reprise: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Amarna’. Chronique d’Egypte 88, no. 175 (1 January 2013): 64–80. H.W. Fairman, ‘Once Again the So-Called Coffin of Akhenaten’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 47 (1961): 25–40. Marc. Gabolde, D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon. Paris: Institut d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’antiquité, 1998. Marc. Gabolde, ‘L’ADN de La Famille Royale Amarnienne et Les Sources Égyptiennes’. Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 6 (2013): 177–203. Marc. Gabolde, ‘Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky’. In Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane, edited by Peter J. Brand and Louise Cooper. Leiden: Brill, 2009. R. G. Harrison, ‘An Anatomical Examination of the Pharaonic Remains Purported to Be Akhenaten’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52 (1966): 95–119. Zahi Hawass, Yehia Z. Gad, Somaia Ismail, Rabab Khairat, Dina Fathalla, Naglaa Hasan, Amal Ahmed, et al. ‘Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family’. JAMA 303, no. 7 (17 February 2010): 638–47. Geoffrey Thorndike Martin, The Royal Tomb at El-ʻAmarna. 2 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1974. William Max Miller, ‘The Theban Royal Mummy Project’. The Theban Royal Mummy Project, http://anubis4_2000.tripod.com/mummypages1/18B.htm. William J. Murnane, ‘The End of the Amarna Period Once Again’. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 96 (2001): 9–22. Bernadine Z. Paulshock, ‘Tutankhamun’s Mother’. JAMA 249, no. 16 (22 April 1983): 2178–2178. C. N. Reeves, ‘A Reappraisal of Tomb 55 in the Valley of the Kings’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 67 (1981): 48–55. Grafton Elliot Smith, The Royal Mummies. London: Duckworth, 1912-2000. Online edition. Eugen Strouhal, ‘Biological Age of Skeletonized Mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes’. Anthropologie 48, no. 2 (2010): 97–112. Charles F. Timmons, ‘Genetics of the Eighteenth Dynasty’. JAMA 245, no. 15 (17 April 1981): 1525–1525. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Two Funerals and a Wedding, Part 2. In 1350 BCE the royal house of Egypt was in crisis. The princess Meket-Aten, just eight years old, was the second prominent person to die in a short span of time. Soon after, Akhenaten seems to have appointed a new co-ruler. His name was Smenkh-ka-Re. Date c.1350 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Music by Ancient Lyric www.bettinajoydeguzman.com Select Bibliography: Dorothea Arnold, The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt, 1996. Martha R. Bell, ‘An Armchair Excavation of KV55’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 27 (1990): 97–137. R.C. Connolly, ‘Kinship of Smenkhkare and Tutankhamen Affirmed by Serological Micromethod: Microdetermination of Blood Group Substances in Ancient Human Tissue’. Nature 224, no. 5217 (1 October 1969): 325–325. Norman de Garis Davies, The Rock Tombs of El-Amarna, vol II, 1905. Aidan Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2014. Aidan Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation, 2009. Aidan Dodson, ‘Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990): 87–96. Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004. Corrinne Duhig, ‘Comments on “Biological Age of the Skeletonised Mummy from Tomb KV55 at Thebes (Egypt)” by Eugen Strouhal’. Anthropologie 48, no. 2 (2010): 113–16. Marianne Eaton-Krauss, ‘“The Sarcophagus in the Tomb of Tutankhamun”: A Clarification’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 84 (1998): 210–12. H.W. Fairman, ‘Once Again the So-Called Coffin of Akhenaten’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 47 (1961): 25–40. Marc Gabolde, D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon, 1998. John Harris, ‘En Sag Om Forveksling’. Papyrus 2, no. 4 (2004): 4–13. R.G. Harrison, ‘An Anatomical Examination of the Pharaonic Remains Purported to Be Akhenaten’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52 (1966): 95–119. Zahi Hawass, Yehia Z. Gad, Somaia Ismail, Rabab Khairat, Dina Fathalla, Naglaa Hasan, Amal Ahmed, et al. ‘Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family’. JAMA 303, no. 7 (17 February 2010): 638–47. Geoffrey Thorndike Martin, The Royal Tomb at El-ʻAmarna. 2 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1974. William Max Miller, ‘The Theban Royal Mummy Project’. The Theban Royal Mummy Project, n.d. http://anubis4_2000.tripod.com/mummypages1/18B.htm. William J. Murnane, ‘The End of the Amarna Period Once Again’. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 96 (2001): 9–22. C.N. Reeves, ‘A Reappraisal of Tomb 55 in the Valley of the Kings’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 67 (1981): 48–55. Eugen Strouhal, ‘Biological Age of Skeletonized Mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes’. Anthropologie 48, no. 2 (2010): 97–112. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Two Funerals and a Wedding, Part 1. Around year 12 of Akhenaten, the Queen Mother Tiye died. She journeyed to the West at the age of 60, having been a powerful influence for more than fifty years. Tiye is a monumental figure, literally, in the history of ancient Egypt. In this episode, we do her honour, and explore her legacy following her death. Date c.1351 BCE Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Music by Ancient Lyric www.bettinajoydeguzman.com Select Bibliography: Dorothea Arnold (ed.), The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt, 1996. Martha R. Bell, “An Armchair Excavation of KV55,” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 27 (1990): 97–137. Benedict G. Davies, Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty. Vol. IV, 1992. Norman de Garis Davies, The Rock Tombs of El-Amarna, 1903. Theodore M. Davis, The Tomb of Queen Tiyi: The Discovery of the Tomb, 1910. Aidan Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy, 2014. Aidan Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation, 2009. Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004. Marc Gabolde, D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon, 1998. Marc Gabolde, “L’ADN de La Famille Royale Amarnienne et Les Sources Égyptiennes,” Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 6 (2013): 177–203. Michael E. Habicht, A.S. Bouwman, and F.J. Rühli. “Identifications of Ancient Egyptian Royal Mummies from the 18th Dynasty Reconsidered’,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159 (2016): 216–31. James E. Harris, Edward F. Wente, Charles F. Cox, Ibrahim El Nawaway, Charles J. Kowalski, Arthur T. Storey, William R. Russell, Paul V. Ponitz, and Geoffrey F. Walker. “Mummy of the “Elder Lady” in the Tomb of Amenhotep II: Egyptian Museum Catalog Number 61070,” Science 200, no. 4346 (1978): 1149–51. Zahi Hawass, Yehia Z. Gad, Somaia Ismail, Rabab Khairat, Dina Fathalla, Naglaa Hasan, Amal Ahmed, et al. “Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family,” JAMA 303, no. 7 (17 February 2010): 638–47. Barry J. Kemp, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People, 2014. Geoffrey Thorndike Martin, The Royal Tomb at El-ʻAmarna, 2 vols, 1974. William Max Miller, “The Theban Royal Mummy Project,” The Theban Royal Mummy Project, http://anubis4_2000.tripod.com/mummypages1/18B.htm. William J. Murnane, Texts From the Amarna Period in Egypt, 1995. William J. Murnane, “The End of the Amarna Period Once Again,” Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 96 (2001): 9–22. Paul T. Nicholson, and Caroline Jackson, “Glass of Amenhotep II From Tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 99 (2013): 85–99. C.N. Reeves, “A Reappraisal of Tomb 55 in the Valley of the Kings,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 67 (1981): 48–55. Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, 2006. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A guided tour. In this episode we explore two monuments belonging to an ancient princess, and see the luxury in which a pharaoh's daughter lived... Date c.1451 BCE (reign of Akhenaten) Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Music by Ancient Lyric www.bettinajoydeguzman.com Follow us on social media www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast and www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. Select Bibliography: Badawy, Alexander. ‘Maru-Aten: Pleasure Resort or Temple?’ The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 42 (1956): 58–64. Kemp, Barry J. ‘Tell El-Amarna, Spring 2011’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97 (2011): 1–9. The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People. First paperback edition. London: Thames & Hudson, 2014. Read online at archive.org Newton, F.G. “Excavations at El-’Amarnah, 1923-24.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 10 (1924): 289–98. Read for free at JSTOR.org Amarna Project. ‘North Palace’, https://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/north_palace/index.shtml. Peet, T. E., and C. Leonard Woolley. The City of Akhenaten, Volume I. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1923. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Princess of Egypt. By 1351 BCE, princess Meritaten was approximately ten years old. The pharaoh's eldest daughter was front and centre of propaganda. But what was her life like? Today, we explore the life of an Egyptian princess... Date c. 1451 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com Music by Ancient Lyric www.bettinajoydeguzman.com Follow us on social media www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast and www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast Select Bibliography: Badawy, Alexander. ‘Maru-Aten: Pleasure Resort or Temple?’ The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 42 (1956): 58–64. Davies, Benedict G. Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty. Vol. IV. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1992. Davies, Norman de Garis. The Rock Tombs of El-Amarna. London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1903. Dodson, Aidan. Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2014. Dodson, Aidan. Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2009. Hornung, Erik. Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. Kemp, Barry J. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. 3rd Revised Edition. London: Routledge, 2018. Kemp, Barry J. ‘Tell El-Amarna, Spring 2011’. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97 (2011): 1–9. Kemp, Barry J. The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People. First paperback edition. London: Thames & Hudson, 2014. Murnane, William J. Texts From the Amarna Period in Egypt. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Murnane, William J. ‘The End of the Amarna Period Once Again’. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 96 (2001): 9–22. Neveu, François. The Language of Ramesses: Late Egyptian Grammar. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2015. Pasquali, Stéphane. ‘A Sun-Shade Temple of Princess Ankhesenpaaten in Memphis?’ The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97 (2011): 216–22. Peet, T. E., and C. Leonard Woolley. The City of Akhenaten, Volume I. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1923. Wegner, Josef. The Sunshade Chapel of Meritaten from the House-of-Waenre of Akhenaten. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Diplomacy, Betrayal, Murder. Around 1350 BCE, the sons of Abdi-Ashirta inherited his power and began to pursue further conquests. Along the way, they committed several heinous crimes... Date c.1355-1350 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com. Music by Derek and Brandon Fiechter https://dbfiechter.bandcamp.com/.  Select Bibliography: Altman, Amnon. ‘Some Controversial Toponyms from the Amurru Region in the Amarna Archive’. Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-) 94, no. 2 (1978): 99–107. Badre, Leila. ‘Tell Kazel-Simyra: A Contribution to a Relative Chronological History in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age’. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 343 (2006): 65–95. Badre, Leila et al. ‘The Provenance of Aegean- and Syrian-Type Pottery Found at Tell Kazel (Syria)’. Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 15 (2005): 15–47. Bryce, Trevor. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London: Taylor & Francis, 2009. Campbell, Edward F. ‘The Amarna Letters and the Amarna Period’. The Biblical Archaeologist 23, no. 1 (1 February 1960): 2–22. Cohen, Raymond. ‘Intelligence in the Amarna Letters’. In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, edited by Raymond Cohen and Raymond Westbrook, 85–98. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Goren, Yuval, Israel Finkelstein, and Nadav Naʾaman. ‘The Expansion of the Kingdom of Amurru According to the Petrographic Investigation of the Amarna Tablets’. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 329 (2003): 1–11. Izre’el, Shlomo, and Itamar Singer. Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Study. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991. James, Alan. ‘Egypt and Her Vassals: The Geopolitical Dimension’. In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, edited by Raymond Cohen and Raymond Westbrook, 112–24. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Morris, Ellen Fowles. The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Murnane, William J. ‘Imperial Egypt and the Limits of Her Power’. In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, edited by Raymond Cohen and Raymond Westbrook, 101–11. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Murnane, William J. Texts From the Amarna Period in Egypt. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Murnane, William J. The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1985. Mynářová, Jana. ‘Expressions of Dates and Time in the Amarna Letters’. Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 21 (2011): 123–28. Mynářová, Jana. Language of Amarna – Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives on the Amarna Letters. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, 2007. Naʾaman, Nadav. ‘Four Notes on the Size of Late Bronze Age Canaan’. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 313 (1999): 31–37. Pryke, Louise M. ‘The Many Complaints to Pharaoh of Rib-Addi of Byblos’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 131, no. 3 (2011): 411–22. Singer, Itamar. ‘The “Land of Amurru” and the “Lands of Amurru” in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty’. Iraq 53 (1991): 69–74. Stieglitz, Robert R. ‘The City of Amurru’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 50, no. 1 (1991): 45–48. Van de Mieroop, Marc. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016. Waterhouse, Samuel Douglas. ‘Syria in the Amarna Age’. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Michigan, 1965. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Abdi-Ashirta and the Rise of Amurru. In the later years of Amunhotep III (father of Akhenaten) and the early years of Akhenaten himself, events in the north began to trouble the royal court. The Egyptian empire, long established in Canaan and Syria, was under threat. Great powers were rising, and regional vassals were starting to fight amongst themselves. Into this milieu, a man named Abdi-Ashirta began to make waves... Episode date c.1365-1360 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Derek and Brandon Fiechter. Intro music by Keith Zizza. Select Bibliography: Assmann, Jan. The Invention of Religion. Princeton University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77519. Campbell, Edward F. ‘The Amarna Letters and the Amarna Period’. The Biblical Archaeologist 23, no. 1 (1 February 1960): 2–22. Cohen, Raymond, and Raymond Westbrook, eds. Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Revised ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Goren, Yuval, Israel Finkelstein, and Nadav Naʾaman. ‘The Expansion of the Kingdom of Amurru According to the Petrographic Investigation of the Amarna Tablets’. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 329 (2003): 1–11. Izre’el, Shlomo, and Itamar Singer. Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Study. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991. James, Alan. ‘Egypt and Her Vassals: The Geopolitical Dimension’. In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, 112–24. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Moran, William L., and ו”ל מוראן. ‘מותו של עבד-אשרת / The Death of Abdi-Ashirta’. Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ–ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה ט (1969): 94–99. Morris, Ellen Fowles. The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Murnane, William J. Texts From the Amarna Period in Egypt. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Murnane, William J. The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1985. Mynářová, Jana. ‘Expressions of Dates and Time in the Amarna Letters’. Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 21 (2011): 123–28. Mynářová, Jana. Language of Amarna – Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives on the Amarna Letters. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, 2007. Na’aman, Nadav. ‘David’s Sojourn in Keilah in Light of the Amarna Letters’. Vetus Testamentum 60, no. 1 (2010): 87–97. Parzen, Rabbi Herbert. ‘The Problem of the Ibrim (“Hebrews”) in the Bible’. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 49, no. 3 (1933): 254–61. Pryke, Louise M. ‘The Many Complaints to Pharaoh of Rib-Addi of Byblos’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 131, no. 3 (2011): 411–22. Singer, Itamar. ‘The “Land of Amurru” and the “Lands of Amurru” in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty’. Iraq 53 (1991): 69–74. Stieglitz, Robert R. ‘The City of Amurru’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 50, no. 1 (1991): 45–48. Van de Mieroop, Marc. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices