The History of Egypt

An interview with Nozomu Kawai, Professor of Egyptology at Kanazawa University, Japan. In this episode, we discuss the background of Tutankhamun's reign and family; and get to grips with some of the people who have appeared in the podcast (e.g. Maia, Sennedjem, and Userhat Hatiay). Prof. Kawai is an expert on this period, and his insights have been wonderful.Interviewee details: Prof. Nozomu Kawai on Academia.edu Profile at Kanazawa University An interview with the ARCE Podcast. The History of Egypt Podcast Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A life cut short. By 1334 BCE, Tut'ankhamun had ruled Egypt for approx. 10 years. Sadly, this would be his last. At the age of nineteen or so, the young ruler died. How did it happen? There are a few major hypotheses (illness, accident, or murder). However, as technology and medical science develops, some ideas seem less likely than others. In this episode, I review the major studies and proposals, and present a hypothetical reconstruction of the King's final moments... Date: c. 1334 BCE. King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: Statue of Anubis, from the tomb of Tut'ankhamun, KV62 (Artstor). Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music: Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/. Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast. Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. Select Bibliography: B. Brier, The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story (New York, 1998). R. Connolly and G. Godenho, ‘Further Thoughts on Tutankhamun’s Death and Embalming’, in C. Price et al. (eds.), Mummies, magic and medicine in ancient Egypt, Multidisciplinary essays for Rosalie David (2016), 240–8. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). C. El Mahdy, Tutankhamen: The Life and Death of a Boy King (London, 1999). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). J. G. Gamble, ‘King Tutankhamun’s Family and Demise’, JAMA 303 (2010), 2471–5. W. B. Harer, ‘New Evidence for King Tutankhamen’s Death: His Bizarre Embalming’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97 (2011), 228–33. R. G. Harrison and A. B. Abdalla, ‘The Remains of Tutankhamun’, Antiquity 46 (1972), 8–14. Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. N. Saleem, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging in the New Kingdom Royal Mummies (Cairo, 2016). K. Hussein et al., ‘Paleopathology of the Juvenile Pharaoh Tutankhamun: 90th Anniversary of Discovery’, Heidelberg Virchows Archiv 463 (2013), 475–9. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). F. Rühli and S. Ikram, ‘Purported Medical Diagnoses of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, c. 1325 BC-’, HOMO – Journal of Comparative Human Biology 65 (2014), 51–63. J. Tyldesley, Tutankhamen’s Curse: The Developing History of an Egyptian King (London, 2012). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

King Tut'ankhamun was young, rich, and well-equipped for sport. His tomb contained an arsenal of goods, including chariots, bows, arrows, throwing sticks, and more. Also, artistic images convey the idea of the pharaoh as a triumphant hunter and warrior. In this episode, we explore evidence for Tut'ankhamun as a sportsman, pursuing game across the desert and through the marshes. From archaeology and art, the King's pastimes come through clearly...Episode details: Date: c.1334 BCE. King: Neb-khepeur-Ra Tut-'ankh-Amun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: G. M. Vogelsang-Eastwood, Tutankhamun’s Wardrobe (Rotterdam, 1999). Music: Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/. Music: Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/. Interludes: Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Audio mixing and editing: Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. Select Bibliography: N. M. Davies, Ancient Egyptian Paintings, III (Chicago, 1936). J. van Dijk and M. Eaton-Krauss, ‘Tutankhamun at Memphis’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 42 (1986), 35–42. M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). M. Eaton-Krauss and E. Graefe, The Small Golden Shrine from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Oxford, 1985). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). S. Hassan, The Sphinx. Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations (Cairo, 1949). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). W. McLeod, Composite Bows from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn, (Tut’ankhamūn’s Tomb Series III; Oxford, 1970). W. McLeod, Self Bows and Other Archery Tackle from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn (Tut’ankhamūn’s Tomb Series IV; Oxford, 1982). C. A. Reed and D. J. Osborn, ‘Taxonomic Transgressions in Tutankhamun’s Treasures’, American Journal of Archaeology 82 (1978), 273–83. N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). ‘Resthouse of Tutankhamen’, Digital Giza, http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/sites/2043/full/ accessed 4.22.2021 (2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Maya, Ay, Horemheb, and others. The men who served King Tut'ankhamun were unusually prominent and powerful. The Overseer of the Treasury (Maya), the Supreme General (Horemheb) and the highest courtier (Ay) may have divided power among themselves. Why were they so powerful? The youth of Tut'ankhamun, and developments in royal power since the reign of Akhenaten, may have weakened the authority or influence of the individual ruler. This was the next phase in an ongoing trend, as the power of the pharaohs evolved over time...Epilogue: We meet the King's servants, including his personal scribe (Iny); his personal driver (Per-aa-neheh); and the chief manager of the palaces (Ipy).Episode details: Date: c. 1334 BCE. King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo: Statue of Horemheb, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/. Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. Website www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast. Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. The History of Egypt Podcast endorses RA EGYPTIAN, the clean, natural skincare line with products derived from ancient Egyptian sources. Use the checkout code EGYPT to enjoy 30% off your order.  Select Bibliography: A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). A. M. Gnirs, Militär und Gesellschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte des Neuen Reiches (Heidelberg, 1996). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). G. T. Martin, The Tomb of Maya and Meryt I: The Reliefs, Inscriptions, and Commentary (EES Excavation Memoir 99; London, 2012). G. T. Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutʻankhamūn, 1 (London, 1989). G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis: New Discoveries From the Time of Tutankhamun and Ramesses the Great (London, 1991). O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). A. R. Schulman, ‘Military Rank, Title, and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania (1962). J. J. Shirley, ‘Crisis And Restructuring Of The State: From The Second Intermediate Period To The Advent Of The Ramesses’, in J. C. Moreno García (ed.), Ancient Egyptian Administration (Leiden, 2013), 521—606. A. J. Spalinger, War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom (Malden, 2005). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The King's mummy, daily routine, and children. Thanks to the preservation of his burial, we know a lot about Tut'ankhamun's daily life and habits. Aspects of his routine, like his shaving kit, walking sticks, and even his children survive to this day. Some of these stories are curious, others carry echoes of tragedy and loss.This episode contains detailed descriptions of human remains and themes like stillbirth. Date: c.1334 BCE King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/ Sound Interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast Select Bibliography:  G. M. Crowfoot and N. de G. Davies, ‘The Tunic of Tut’ankhamūn’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 27 (1941), 113–30. D. E. Derry, ‘Report Upon the Two Human Foetuses Discovered in the Tomb of Tut.Ankh-Amen’, in H. Carter (ed.), The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, Discovered by the Late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, Volume III (London, 1933), 167–9. M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). M. Eaton-Krauss and E. Graefe, The Small Golden Shrine from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Oxford, 1985). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass et al., ‘Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family’, JAMA 303 (2010), 638–47. Z. Hawass and S. N. Saleem, ‘Mummified Daughters of King Tutankhamun: Archeologic and CT Studies’, American Journal of Roentgenology 197 (2011), W829–36. Z. Hawass and S. N. Saleem, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging in the New Kingdom Royal Mummies (Cairo, 2016). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). G. M. Vogelsang-Eastwood, Tutankhamun’s Wardrobe (Rotterdam, 1999). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The King's Great Wife. Queen Ankh-es-en-Amun (“She Lives for Amun”) was slightly older than her husband. Having grown up in the court, Ankhesenamun was established in power and experienced in royal life. However, she is far less prominent than her famous predecessors (Nefertiti and Tiye). Why? In this episode, we explore some of the traces of Ankhesenamun’s life, and her role as the King’s Great Wife.Titles of Ankhesenamun: “The King’s Great Wife, his Beloved” “Hereditary Noble” “Great of Praise” "Sweet of Love” “Lady of Charm” “Ruling Lady of the Two Lands” “The Ruling Lady of Southern and Northern Egypt” Episode info: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza. Music by Ancient Lyric. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos. Audio mixing / editing by Vincent Cavanaugh. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast. Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. Select Bibliography: A. Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy (Cairo, 2014). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). M. Eaton-Krauss and E. Graefe, The Small Golden Shrine from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Oxford, 1985). Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Luxor Temple – Volume I: The Festival Procession of Opet in the Colonnade Hall (Chicago, 1994). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). W. Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary (London, 2005). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). G. Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (London, 1993). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Restoration (Part III): Amun, Mut, Khonsu, and the King. Once a year, the city of Waset (Thebes / Luxor) hosted an enormous celebration. The Beautiful Festival of Opet honoured the great gods Amun-Ra, Mut, and Khonsu. The deities would emerge from their secret shrines, and ride in procession through the city and on the river. King Tut'ankhamun would lead these events, renewing the power of the gods and his right to rule... This is a big episode, probably best consumed over several sittings. Enjoy! Episode Details Date: c. 1336 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza. Music by Ancient Lyric. Music by Jeffrey Goodman. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos. Special voiceover work by vorob1003. Read the full publication of Tut’ankhamun’s Opet reliefs in The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Luxor Temple - Volume I: The Festival Procession of Opet in the Colonnade Hall (Chicago, 1994). PDF available free from the University of Chicago. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network.   Select Bibliography:  L. Bell, ‘Aspects of the Cult of the Deified Tutankhamun’, in P. Posener-Kriéger (ed.), Mélanges Gamal Eddin Mokhtar, Bibliothèque d’étude 97 (Cairo, 1985), 31–59. L. Bell, ‘Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 44 (1985), 251–94. J. C. Darnell, ‘Opet Festival’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2010). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). L. Manniche, Music and Musicians in Ancient Egypt (London, 1991). The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Luxor Temple – Volume I: The Festival Procession of Opet in the Colonnade Hall (Chicago, 1994). M. Verner, Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt (Prague, 2013). W. Waitkus, Untersuchungen zu Kult und Funktion des Luxortempels (Gladbeck, 2008). R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt (London, 2000). R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (New York, 2003). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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Shrines, Temples, Sanctuaries. Dr. Briana Jackson is a specialist in the worship of Aten. The sanctuaries, shrines, temples, and monuments of Akhenaten appear throughout Egypt, Wawat, and Kush. In this interview, Dr. Jackson discusses the Aten temples, as well as her work on YouTube. Learn more about Dr. Briana Jackson on her website, Academia.edu, Twitter, YouTube, and many more (Linktree). Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Reconstructing Music. Michael Levy is a renowned composer for ancient instruments and music. Using replicas of artefacts, and taking inspiration from texts and art, Michael creates wonderful songs based in the ancient styles. Michael sat down with the podcast to discuss his recent works, including his wonderful albums of ancient Egyptian compositions... Find Michael Levy at his website, on Spotify, on Bandcamp, on Apple Music and Amazon. Learn more about The History of Egypt Podcast at www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices