Scholars Unravel Middle East
Adel Aali, History Behind News Program
178 scholars (and counting) distill decades of research into an hour conversation, to unravel the misperceptions that divide East and West and clarify our common misconceptions about the Middle East - from its ancient past to its present developments.
I am Adel Aali, your host. This program is a production of History Behind News podcast (now in its 5th season). Subscribe here: https://www.youtube.com/@ScholarsUnravelMiddleEast?sub_confirmation=1
I am Adel Aali, your host. This program is a production of History Behind News podcast (now in its 5th season). Subscribe here: https://www.youtube.com/@ScholarsUnravelMiddleEast?sub_confirmation=1
Episodes
Mentioned books
Aug 9, 2024 • 41min
S1E32: Is Jordan forever on the brink of a revolution? Is Jordan essentially a U.S. protectorate?
►Why do Jordanians protest about water?
►Does Jordan coordinate its budget with the U.S.?
►How do protests in Jordan compare to other countries, such as protests in Iran or the U.S.?
►Why does the government of Jordan promote images of stability and instability?
►Why are cartoonists getting arrests in Jordan for alleged terrorism?
►Is Jordan essentially a U.S. protectorate?
►Is Jordan forever on the brink of a revolution?
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Jillian Schwedler is a professor of political science at the City University of New York’s Hunter College and the Graduate Center, and also a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Crown Center at Brandeis University.
She is the author of many books, including the following:
Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen
Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, and
Protesting Jordan: Geographies of Power and Dissent.
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Aug 8, 2024 • 49min
S1E31: Are Jordan's royal family foreigners in Jordan? Why make fun of the King's Arabic? Protests in Jordan and Jordan's Identity.
►Were the Hashemite royal family foreigners in Jordan?
►Did Jordan’s Hashemites belong to a larger, transnational royal family?
►How does the Hashemite royal family’s history impact Jordan’s national identity and nation-building efforts now?
►Why Jordanian protesters and cartoonists poke fun of King Abdullah II’s Arabic
►How were tribal protests in Jordan during Ottoman and British rules different than now?
►If Jordan is not a democractic country, then how are protests routine in Jordan?
►Do Jordanians experience politics in streets as opposed to in parliament and during elections?
►Dose criticizing the King of Jordan cross a red line?
►What does it mean that Jordan's protesting places are disappearing?
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Jillian Schwedler is a professor of political science at the City University of New York’s Hunter College and the Graduate Center, and also a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Crown Center at Brandeis University.
She is the author of many books, including the following:
Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen
Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, and
Protesting Jordan: Geographies of Power and Dissent.
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jul 26, 2024 • 38min
S1E30: Sexual Politics in Iran. An implicit deal about women's rights between Iran's intellectuals and its conservative clergies.
►Iranian women before the 1979 Revolution: rights in marriage, education and the right to vote
►Iran's society of two cultures before the Revolution
►The Shah's White Revolution and clergy's protest
►How everyone is having sex in contemporary Iran.
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Janet Afary is a professor of Religious Studies in UC Santa Barbara. She is the Mellichamp Chair of Religion and Modernity and the Director of the Iranian Studies Initiative.
She is the author of many books, including the following:
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911, Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, and the Origins of Feminism,
Sexual Politics in Modern Iran, and
Iranian Romance in the Digital Age: From Arranged Marriage to White Marriage (Sex, Family and Culture in the Middle East).
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jul 25, 2024 • 41min
S1E29: Did the Hijab come from Islam? Also, history of Iranian women's rights in marriage & society.
►pre-Islam hijab was a status symbol
►Islam adopted the norms of the civilized world - including the hijab
►Reza Shah of Iran forceably unveiled women
►Khomeini was against women's right to vote, until he realized their voice may help his revolution.
►Iranian love poetry was homoerotic, not heterosexual love.
►Iranian love poetry was homoerotic, not heterosexual love.
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Janet Afary is a professor of Religious Studies in UC Santa Barbara. She is the Mellichamp Chair of Religion and Modernity and the Director of the Iranian Studies Initiative.
She is the author of many books, including the following:
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911, Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, and the Origins of Feminism,
Sexual Politics in Modern Iran, and
Iranian Romance in the Digital Age: From Arranged Marriage to White Marriage (Sex, Family and Culture in the Middle East).
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jul 12, 2024 • 28min
S1E28: Did Middle Easterners think Europe is a troubled & warlike region?
►Did Christians see Europe differently than Muslims?
►Were Middle East Jews and Christians pro-"West" and Middle East Muslims anti-"West"?
►Are Muslims more tolerant of other religions than Jews and Christians are?
►How did Arab Christians fare under Muslim governments?
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Ian Coller is a professor of history at the University of California, Irvine - UCI.
His research interests include modern France, French Revolution & Empire, Modern Europe (c.1700-1900), and Muslim Mediterranean.
Dr. Coller's books and other publications include:
Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution,
Arab France: Islam and the Making of Modern Europe, 1798-1831,
“Rousseau’s Turban: Entangled Encounters of Europe and Islam in the Age of Enlightenment ”,
“The Revolutionary Mediterranean”,
“Egypt in the French Revolution”, and
“Empires from the Viewpoint of the Colonised”.
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jul 11, 2024 • 41min
S1E27: Is the Middle East an inherently troubled region?
►When did the "West" begin to perceive the Middle East as a troubled region?
►Have Sunni and Shi'a Muslims always been at war? How about Jews and Muslims?
►Why did France invade Egypt? Hint: it was not entirely about geopolitics.
►Have Europeans fought more wars than Middle Easterners?
►Can you think of any wars in the Middle East that match the scale of WWI or WWII?
►Was the de-Christianization of France somehow rooted in Islam?
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Ian Coller is a professor of history at the University of California, Irvine - UCI.
His research interests include modern France, French Revolution & Empire, Modern Europe (c.1700-1900), and Muslim Mediterranean.
Dr. Coller's books and other publications include:
Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution,
Arab France: Islam and the Making of Modern Europe, 1798-1831,
“Rousseau’s Turban: Entangled Encounters of Europe and Islam in the Age of Enlightenment ”,
“The Revolutionary Mediterranean”,
“Egypt in the French Revolution”, and
“Empires from the Viewpoint of the Colonised”.
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jun 21, 2024 • 42min
S1E26: Arab American Population & Political Power. How will they affect the 2024 presidential election? (part 2 of 2)
►Do Arab Americans have powerful political lobbies? If not, why not?
►Can Arab American impact the outcome of the 2024 election?
►Are Arab Americans united about the ongoing conflict in Palestine?
►Are Arab Americans loyal to America?
►What is the population of Arab Americans?
►Was assimilating into America's culture particularly difficult for Arab Americans?
►Did American politicians categorize Arab Americans as inferior to White Americans?
►Was Arab immigration to the U.S. restricted by a quota system?
►Did Arabs immigrate to the U.S. in waves or trickle in over decades?
►Why are so many grocery stores owned by Arab Americans?
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Hani Bawardi is a professor of history at the University of Michigan-Dearborn.
His research and teaching areas include Middle East Studies, Arab American Studies, Arab American Identity, Arab Americans since 1890, Michigan History, as well as immigrants and immigration. He is the author of The Making of Arab Americans: From Syrian Nationalism to U.S. Citizenship, a book that we discuss in this two-part episode.
🚩History of the People of Palestine:
Listen to Dr. Maha Nassar, a professor of Middle East History and Islamic Studies at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies of the University of Arizona, unravel fascinating history of Palestinians.
🎧 https://bit.ly/UME-S1E15
🎧 https://bit.ly/UME-S1E16
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jun 20, 2024 • 44min
S1E25: Arab American History, Culture & Identity - Challenging Western Scholars (part 1 of 2)
►When did Arabs begin to immigrate to America?
►Were early Arab immigrants to America from wealthy families? Did they come here for economic, political or religious reasons?
►Did Arab immigrants to America have anything in common? Do they have anything in common now?
►Did Western politicians and historian believe Arab Americans have anything in common?
►When did Arab Americans begin to form political organizations to represent them in America?
►Were these early Arab political organizations to affect change back home in the Middle East, or to affect change here in America?
►Why did Arab Americans form secret societies here in America?
🚩About my guest:
Dr. Hani Bawardi is a professor of history at the University of Michigan-Dearborn.
His research and teaching areas include Middle East Studies, Arab American Studies, Arab American Identity, Arab Americans since 1890, Michigan History, as well as immigrants and immigration. He is the author of The Making of Arab Americans: From Syrian Nationalism to U.S. Citizenship, a book that we discuss in this two-part episode.
🚩History of the People of Palestine:
Listen to Dr. Maha Nassar, a professor of Middle East History and Islamic Studies at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies of the University of Arizona, unravel fascinating history of Palestinians.
🎧 https://bit.ly/UME-S1E15
🎧 https://bit.ly/UME-S1E16
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jun 7, 2024 • 49min
S1E24: Why did the Crusaders sack Christianity's most magnificent city? While most of us don't know this story, most Greeks do! They have neither forgotten nor forgiven.
►How could this possibly happen - Crusaders attacking a major Christian city?
►Why did Crusaders detour to Constantinople?
►Why did the Pope excommunicate the Cruaders?
►Was Constantinople the only Christian city sacked by Crusaders?
►What happened after the sack of Constantinople?
►What were European memories and later perceptions of this terrible event?
►Was there shame among Europeans?
►How was the sack of Constantinople justified in later decades and centuries?
►Why haven't Greeks forgotten and forgiven the sack of Constantinople?
►What did the Greeks tell the Pope about the Fourth Crusade when he visited Greece?
🚩About my guest:
My guest for this episode is Dr. Thomas Madden of Saint Louis University. He is a professor of Medieval History, the Director of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, the Director of the Crusades Studies Forum and the former Chair of the Department of History.
His primary academic research interest is the history and culture of the Mediterranean world, and the bulk of his scholarly publications have focused on the crusading movement, the interaction between the cultures of Latin Christendom, the Byzantine Empire, and the Muslim Middle East.
He has authored many books, including the following we discuss in this two-part episode:
The Concise History of the Crusades, and
The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople
🚩"Why Did Europe Conquer the World":
Listen to Dr. Philip T. Hoffman, a professor of Business Economics at Caltech, as he explains in this two-part episode the history of how the Middle East fell behind Europe:
https://bit.ly/UME-S1E1
https://bit.ly/UME-S1E2
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, Unravelling the Middle East
Host, History Behind News Podcast
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
Jun 6, 2024 • 46min
S1E23: The Crusades - huge history in Europe but mostly unknown in the Middle East! This is the unlikely story of the First Crusade's success.
►Were the Crusades the Christian equivalent of Islamic jihad?
►Could the Crusades be explained as the battle of civilizations?
►What motivated Europeans to make the journey to the Middle East for war?
►Who were the Europeans that joined the Crusades? Were they rich? Poor? Middle class?
►What is the relationship between the medieval Crusades and the problems of the modern Middle East?
►Did Middle Easterners benefit from the Crusades – from contact with the Europeans?
►What did Middle Easterners think of the Crusades as they were happening?
►How did the First Crusade succeed?
►How was the geopolitical state of the Middle East when Europeans arrived in the First Crusade?
🚩About my guest:
My guest for this episode is Dr. Thomas Madden of Saint Louis University. He is a professor of Medieval History, the Director of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, the Director of the Crusades Studies Forum and the former Chair of the Department of History.
His primary academic research interest is the history and culture of the Mediterranean world, and the bulk of his scholarly publications have focused on the crusading movement, the interaction between the cultures of Latin Christendom, the Byzantine Empire, and the Muslim Middle East.
He has authored many books, including the following we discuss in this two-part episode:
The Concise History of the Crusades, and
The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople
🚩"Why Did Europe Conquer the World":
Listen to Dr. Philip T. Hoffman, a professor of Business Economics at Caltech, as he explains in this two-part episode the history of how the Middle East fell behind Europe:
https://bit.ly/UME-S1E1
https://bit.ly/UME-S1E2
📽️Subscribe to our YouTube channel
🖱️Support Our Program:
We appreciate your financial support of our program, for any amount you like. And thank you.
Adel Aali
Host, History Behind News
🎶Music attributions:
1. Opening and closing music of the program:
Santur: Peyman Heydarian playing on the Santur some Iranian music. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50 at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London on April 7th 2011.
Music available on at https://freesound.org/people/xserra/sounds/125654/
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 DEED)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This music has been cut in shorter pieces and its volume has been adjusted in different portions of our program.
2. Background music to guest introduction:
The Desert | The Grand Score
https://www.free-stock-music.com/alexander-nakarada-the-desert.html
The Desert | The Grand Score by Alexander Nakarada (CreatorChords) | https://creatorchords.com
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
3. Background music to promoting History Behind News episodes:
The Success by Keys of Moon | https://soundcloud.com/keysofmoon. Music
promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The volume and lengths of this piece have been modified.
