The Energy Markets Podcast

More than two decades ago when the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission sought to put large regional wholesale power markets in place nationally, Western states were a hotbed of opposition to the since-abandoned goal.  But today there are two competing proposals for competitive day-ahead wholesale power markets as the region has come to recognize that market-based regionalization helps cost-effectively and reliably integrate increasing amounts of variable renewable energy resources.The Western Power Trading Forum's Scott Miller breaks those down for us, and explains why he's optimistic that the two nascent efforts under way today will one day result in establishing a Western regional transmission organization, or RTO."The desire to get to an RTO with the simplicity of a single tariff is something that I think will manifest itself as people get some experience," Miller says. "I'm betting on the fact that once people get some experience in this day-head market, they're going to want to get to the single tariff, with probably some Western twists that are different." Support the show

UK-based Octopus Energy has seen extraordinary growth since launched in 2015 by fund-management firm Octopus Group. It's heavily invested in renewable energy in the UK and elsewhere, and it has retail energy supply operations in Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan and New Zealand, with its U.S. arm headquartered in Houston. As its name would suggest, Octopus has its tentacles everywhere all at once in competitive energy supply, it would seem. And that reach promises to extend even further with the company's Kraken software platform, which it doesn't keep to itself but licenses to other retail energy providers.The fact that the company chose Texas as the first energy market in the U.S. to invest in serves as a strong counterpoint to baseless criticisms of the ERCOT market in the wake of the deadly Winter Storm Uri outage. It's simple: Texas, with its wholesale power market unencumbered by the price caps hobbling competitive eletricity markets in the Northeast, provides the price signals Octopus needs to actively engage its residential customers in aggregating demand response and distributed solar energy resources, and shares the proceeds the company earns in the wholesale market with its participating retail customers. Its recent pilot during the month of August saw participants earning, on average, 20 cents per kilowatt-hour on their self-produced renewable energy they, through Octopus, sold back into the grid rather than consume during critical events in ERCOT, or roughly twice what might have been available via net metering.  Some customers made nearly $1,000 that month for arbitraging their energy use and "exporting" their clean energy to the grid, says Octopus Energy US CEO Michael Lee."What we're really doing is really aligning customers to say, yes, you want to produce your power and you want to sell it back," he says. "Let's move on beyond this product called net metering, and let's align the financial outcomes to the customers." It's an example of what Lee describes as moving beyond the "Retail 1.0" offered by most energy suppliers today to a much more consumer-centric "Retail 2.0.""Usually, net metering is a one-for-one credit. But because we were able to find financial incentives they were getting more than one-for-one and some people were getting a 20-to-one credit because they were getting $1 or $2 a kilowatt-hour for their exports for the entire month of August," Lee says of the recently concluded pilot. "My personal opinion is that Retail 1.0 has quite underserved the market. There's a huge opportunity to completely rethink what retail energy is going forward and what it looks like for customers and how that benefits all the players, the grid, the utilities – everyone."Support the show

Electric utility monopolies have captured headlines in recent years by sparking catastrophic wildfires and fomenting public corruption scandals in several states. "There are probably other things like this going on we just haven't found out about," remarks John Farrell, director of the Energy Democracy Initiative at the Institute for Local Self-Reliance. We spoke with him about his recent article in the American Prospect, How private monopolies fuel climate disaster and public corruption. Farrell speaks to how the investor-owned utility's interests in earning a return for its shareholders typically don't align with the interests of its customers or the environment. "You have concentrated ownership and power over the system in a way that's not terribly accountable to people," Farrell observes. Farrell advocates municipalization, seeing publicly owned monopolies as an improvement over for-profit utility monopolies, particularly when it comes to cost of capital. But he also advocates for greater competition in electricity, and for adopting measures such as independent distribution system management and quarantining the monopoly from competitive markets. "When you create a competitive market, it really needs to be truly competitive. And the idea of letting the monopoly continue to participate is problematic," he says.Support the show

The flood of financial headlines on the offshore wind industry have been quite bearish in recent months. The industry has been buffetted by strong post-COVID headwinds – dramatic inflationary pressures and supply chain problems – that have rendered several Atlantic coast projects uneconomic. After writing down its assets by $2.3 billion, Orsted's stock has been punished by the market as the company threatens to walk away from uneconomic projects unless their terms can be renegotiated to reflect changed economic circumstances. Offering another barometer of the deep bear market for offshore wind were recent lease auctions in the U.S. and UK, which received little to no interest.Putting this all into perspective for us is Kris Ohleth, executive director at the Special Initiative for Offshore Wind. While acknowledging the near- and medium-term challenges churning the waters for the industry, Ohleth remains bullish on the long-term prospects for offshore wind in the United States:"If you look at the decarbonization and clean-energy goals that we have for this nation, there is literally and absolutely no way to meet them without offshore wind. It is a technology of scale that is the only one, in fact, available for coastal states – for many coastal states in the United States – to meet their state and the overall national clean-energy targets that we need, especially as we continue to electrify our transportation systems and our building units. So there's a real demand for it. And I believe that the market will recorrect and we will make additional incremental progress towards commercialization in the United States in the next decade."Support the show

The Environmental Protection Agency's new proposed rules to significantly crack down on carbon emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants, as published, promises to aggravate growing power grid reliability concerns, EPSA president and CEO Todd Snitchler suggests.  "I think we need to be thinking a little more holistically and not siloed in the rules in order for us to make sure that we can achieve the outcomes that policymakers want us to achieve, while still ensuring system reliability. That has to be first and foremost," Snitchler says.More broadly on grid-reliability concerns, Snitchler rejects assertions by some that competitive markets and RTOs are particularly vulnerable to outages and reliability issues. "I know that there are a number of views about what the right model is," he says, but he notes there are increasing reliability concerns in monopoly-regulated states as well as the clean-energy transition ratchets up. "I don't think there's a one-size-fits-all and we should just copy a different market because it allows vertically integrated utilities to carry the day because, even in that example, they're not able to get done, I think, some of the things that maybe some advocates would say that they can."While there's little expectation the industry concerns will benefit anytime soon from a historically fractured Congress, Snitchler suggests lawmakers missed a key opportunity for bipartisan agreement during a recent debate over whether to include energy project permitting reforms in the Inflation Reduction Act. "There was a time when energy wasn't quite so partisan. I think we would do well to try to think about constituents first," the former Ohio lawmaker and utility regulator says. "If you need to have transmission, and we all agree that we're going to need to have natural gas pipelines in order to power the system, those should go together. And that's where I think room for compromise would exist. That would be a best-case scenario in Washington because both sides would have something to gain. And they would be able to take that home and say, look, I won. And it would, in the end, result in a more reliable, more efficient power system."Support the show

Commissioner Mark Christie of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has been a prominent advocate of the need to overhaul the competitive market design at the heart of the regional wholesale power markets that have evolved in the U.S. over the past 25 years ("It's time to reconsider single-clearing price mechanisms in U.S. energy markets", Energy Law Journal, May 2, 2023). The fossil fuel-fired "dispatchable" generation units that Christie sees as crucial to ensuring power grid reliability are retiring faster than passively fueled renewable energy resources can be brought on to replace them. In our discussion, Commissioner Christie makes clear that his top target for reform is capacity markets, not the security-constrained economic dispatch model employing locational marginal pricing, or LMP, in real-time and day-ahead spot markets. LMP is the central design element of all state and regional competitive wholesale power markets in the U.S."I think in the real-time energy markets, the real-time energy markets and the use of LMP has saved consumers money by getting economic dispatch, by getting the least-cost unit dispatched. So I think in the real-time energy markets, I think there has been consumer savings," Christie says. "There's many functions to RTOs and I think that the most important function of all, and the one I think where they’ve provided undisputed benefits, has been to provide a larger balancing authority," he says, adding: "Probably the biggest single benefit of RTOs has been that they've provided a regional system operator, which I think has been of tremendous benefit to reliability and also, I think, to cost savings because they can dispatch cheaper resources across a broader territory."But Christie, an ardent states rights advocate, does not see FERC's role as ensuring these consumer-friendly regional power markets are ultimately in place everywhere, which former FERC Chairman Pat Wood attempted to do 20 years ago. "How you regulate your utilities is really an individual state decision" to make, and not FERC's, he says, calling Wood's Standard Market Design "massive overreach and an invasion of basically state retail authority."Nevertheless, Christie says, "I don't think that, frankly, the real-time energy markets, which use LMP, what's called locational marginal pricing, are really the first place we ought to be concerned. I think the real concern and we ought to focus on first is in the capacity markets," Christie elaborated, asserting that capacity markets should be replaced with utility self-supply programs that incorporate integrated resource planning by state regulators. IRP is a central element of standard monopoly utility regulation."I think an IRP process – it gets you the best mix of a balanced holistic approach where you can balance all the different resources that you need and try to get them at the best cost to consumers, which is what the goal ought to be," Christie says. "Everything we do as regulators in the energy area has got to be about what's good for consumers. We have to look at what is going to get consumers reliable power at the least cost. And I think everything we do, we’ve got to be asking ourselves, is this the best thing for consumers?"Support the show

Massachusetts is actively considering Gov. Maura Healey's longstanding demand to end competitive retail energy sales to residential customers. As part of this debate in Massachusetts and elsewhere, the Retail Energy Advancement League commissioned the Analysis Group's Paul Hibbard, a former Massachusetts utility regulator,  to provide a comprehensive examination of retail energy choice. We talk with the report's author as well as Chris Ercoli, REAL's president and CEO.Support the show

There's something like a couple dozen proposals now for development of small modular reactors (SMRs), widely seen as the future of nuclear power as a participant in the clean-energy transition. Publicly traded NuScale* is at the vanguard of this trend. We spoke with the Nuclear Energy Institute's Matt Crozat about the prospects for SMRs and nuclear's role in the clean-energy transition at a time when we thought the first of Georgia Power's new Vogtle nuclear power units would have already been brought online. But a "degraded hydrogen seal" was only the latest delay for the $35 billion expansion project funded by ratepayers captive to a monopoly utility supplier. We also spoke at a time when Putin's invasion of Ukraine became even more fraught amid reports Russian troops may have planted explosives at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant they've commandeered. Crozat sees the prospect of new nuclear technologies and the growing acceptance among the public and policy makers of nuclear's critical role in the clean-energy transition as reasons for optimism on nuclear's future."We have as a starting point all of these utilities that have commitments to be carbon-free by mid-century. And that's creating a lot of pressure looking for technologies that can help bring low-carbon solutions into the portfolio, which also requires making sure you have the ability to provide the reliability and resilience to the grid that we need to have that be successful. And nuclear is standing out as one of the possible technologies that can do a lot of the roles alongside of wind and solar and batteries and these others, but it's really becoming something – it needs something that looks like nuclear to make the system work," Crozat says. "A lot of people are coming to this conclusion. At the same moment, we have new technologies that are offering nuclear in different packages than before. And it's really changing the calculus as people are approaching this as a possibility."Our conversation touches on new nuclear, the apparent lack of investor interest in NuScale despite its regulatory progress, carbon taxes, nuclear waste disposal, competitive markets versus monopoly regulation, exporting U.S. nuclear technology, and the prospects for sabotage at Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia plant. As for Zaporizhzhia, Crozat doubts Russia will sabotage the plant: "Russia itself has a very long-term strategic interest in having nuclear energy being a viable strategic outcome. They want to sell reactors, too." Support the show

Burned by an aborted nuclear power plant new build that saddled the state's consumers with hundreds of millions of dollars in needless costs for years to come, South Carolina's Act 187 established a legislative study committee to ponder whether the state's electricity consumers might not be better off with competitive reforms of the Palmetto State's 150-year-old monopoly regulatory regime. A centerpiece of the committee's considerations is a sweeping analysis of the competitive options the state could pursue, comprehensively put together by the Brattle Group. We talk with two of the report's authors – John Tsoukalis, principal, and Andrew Levitt, senior consultant, at the Brattle Group – about their report with the top-line conclusion that South Carolina electricity consumers could save up to $300 million annually if the state's utilities participated in some form of large regional transmission pooling organization. The biggest cost savings, they determined, among the various scenarios considered in the report, were projected from a scenario envisioning if the entire Southeast region, not just South Carolina, were to throw in with PJM Interconnection, the large regional transmission operator encompassing from Illinois across to Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland (PJM) and Virginia, in order to create a large, diverse wholesale power marketplace that helps minimize the considerable costs of meeting resource needs and operating a reliable powergrid.As directed by Act 187, the Brattle analysis also examined the potential consumer savings available from conducting a consolidated statewide integrated resource planning (IRP) process, rather than the less efficient utility-by-utility IRP planning that the state's utilities undertake with regulators to determine development or acquisition of new generation resources to meet reliability needs – and then performing competitive solicitations to help develop any new resources.Also as required by the law compelling Brattle's analysis, the report delved into the Third Rail of electricity politics: restructuring utility regulatory oversight to provide some form of competition in retail sales to consumers, whether residential or the large industrial and commercial customers. "Part of what I guess people don't really understand is, you can't really do retail choice unless you have competitive wholesale markets that are working already," Tsoukalis explains, calling the potentially near-term savings from grid regionalization the "low-hanging fruit" of the options available to lawmakers to consider going forward."There's so many options" in the report for lawmakers to consider, Levitt notes. "You can take a mix-and-match approach, different ways through governance, different ways to do transmission planning. You can share these things and not share those things. I'm 100% confident that there's a solution out there that will match the political will that's present at the moment. I don't myself know what the solution will be, but we're available to help craft it."Support the show

The podcast discusses the obstacles posed by utility monopoly regulation for private-sector EV charging infrastructure development. It highlights the lack of proper economic incentives in the current utility regulatory model and the challenges faced by convenience stores in the face of transportation electrification. The paper urges policymakers to address these problems early on to encourage private-sector investment and competition. The podcast also explores the transformation of the telephone industry as an example of regulatory changes and discusses the challenges and investments in electric vehicle charging, including the need for quicker charging technology and innovative solutions like battery replacement. Additionally, it explains the reasons behind the absence of gasoline sales at rest stops on interstate highways.