Bishnupriya Gupta, a professor of economics and author, delves into India's post-colonial journey. The discussion highlights the deep-seated legacy of British colonialism and its impact on modern education and economic structures. Gupta contrasts India's economic progress with East Asian nations, uncovering the successes and challenges of its democracy. Key topics include the role of historical educational policies and the divergence in economic strategies between India and countries like South Korea. Insights into inequality and future expectations further enrich this compelling narrative.

Bishnupriya Gupta, a renowned economics professor at the University of Warwick and author of 'An Economic History of India,' dives into the origins of modern India. She discusses the stark differences in living standards between India and England in 1600, highlighting the detrimental impacts of British colonial policies on the Indian economy. Gupta examines the Great Famines of Bengal, revealing British negligence, and critiques both imperial apologists and Indian nationalists. She also connects Mahatma Gandhi's education to India's lag behind East Asia in the 20th century.

Angarika Deb, a cognitive anthropologist at Central European University, dives deep into the origins of gender inequality. She challenges the biological determinism of patriarchy, illustrating that hunter-gatherer societies often showcased gender equality, unlike their agricultural counterparts. Deb explores the unique dynamics of the Bayaka and Akta tribes, revealing egalitarian labor distributions. With thought-provoking examples, she urges listeners to reconsider societal structures and the potential for equitable relationships across cultures.

“We are survival machines – robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes.” - Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene In 1976, Richard Dawkins published one of the most iconic science books of all time. It has inspired a generation of science enthusiasts. But unsurprisingly, many readers disliked the idea of being but a “robot vehicle” or a “survival machine” for some tiny molecules — especially if these molecules are best served by repeated pregnancies or donations to a sperm bank. Yet Dawkins was right on one thing: “however much we may deplore something, it does not stop being true.” So what is true? I have previously written about one claim in the Selfish Gene which is certainly not true. This is the claim that, if we accept the book's biological theories, then we humans must be “born selfish”. Even Dawkins has accepted that this was a "rogue" claim that readers should "mentally delete". You can hear more by heading to episode 20 of On Humans. But what about the underlying science? Are selfish genes still the right way to think about the facts of evolution? Not so, according to Eva Jablonka. You might remember Jablonka from episode 36 on the evolution of consciousness. But before her work on consciousness, Jablonka was famous for her research on epigenetic inheritance -- literally, "inheritance beyond the gene". So what is epigenetic inheritance? What do we know about it scientifically? And does it matter philosophically? I hope you enjoy this conversation. LINKS Get more links and references from my accompanying essay at OnHumans.Substack.com. Support my work at Patreon.com/OnHumans

Each year, the World Happiness Report ranks countries based on their citizen's life satisfaction. My home country, Finland, tends to come at the top. Sure. But lessons can we draw from all this? Beyond patting Finns on the back, can we distil some more insights from the report?I got to discuss this with Lara Aknin, co-editor of the World Happiness Report. In this previously unpublished clip, Aknin explains the major findings from the World Happiness Report and reveals the “single best predictor of happiness” across countries. If you want to hear more about Aknin’s work, see episode 47.Support the show⁠Patreon.com/OnHumans⁠KeywordsHappiness | Life satisfaction | Economics | Social Science | World Happiness Report | Finland | Latin America | Nordic countries | Scandinavia | Welfare state | Well-being | Freedom | Equality | Generosity | Altruism

Many traditional societies accept polygyny (one man, many wives). Monogamy, too, is practised across the globe. But what about polyandry — one woman, many husbands? Is this a "dubious idea" as sometimes suggested by evolutionary theorists? In this bonus clip, anthropologist Katie Starkweather offers interesting examples of formal and informal polyandry from around the world. She also brings nuance to theories about jealousy in men and women. (This is a previously unpublished clip from my conversation with anthropologist Katie Starkweather, as published in episode 43.) LINKS Scholars mentioned Donald Symons (author of Evolution of Human Sexuality), Sarah Blaffer Hrdy (author of Father Time, see episode 40), Brooke Scelza, Sean Prall Articles mentioned See the list and links here. This and other resources are available for free at OnHumans.Substack.com Support the show Patreon.com/OnHumans Keywords Monogamy | Polygamy | Polyandry | Mating | Pairbonding | Anthropology | Ethnography | Jealousy

Happy New Year 2025! To celebrate, here is an encore of what proved to be the most popular episode of 2024. This rerun combines episodes 30 and 31 into one epic journey towards the frontiers of human understanding. My guest is Donald Hoffman. Our topics are consciousness, cosmos, and the meaning of life. Enjoy! Original show notes Laws of physics govern the world. They explain the movements of planets, oceans, and cells in our bodies. But can they ever explain the feelings and meanings of our mental lives? This problem, called the hard problem of consciousness, runs very deep. No satisfactory explanation exists. But many think that there must, in principle, be an explanation. A minority of thinkers disagree. According to these thinkers, we will never be able to explain mind in terms of matter. We will, instead, explain matter in terms of mind. I explored this position in some detail in episode 17. But hold on, you might say. Is this not contradicted by the success of natural sciences? How could a mind-first philosophy ever explain the success of particle physics? Or more generally, wouldn't any scientist laugh at the idea that mind is more fundamental than matter? No — not all of them laugh. Some take it very seriously. Donald Hoffman is one such scientist. Originally working with computer vision at MIT's famous Artificial Intelligence Lab, Hoffman started asking a simple question: What does it mean to "see" the world? His answer begins from a simple idea: perception simplifies the world – a lot. But what is the real world like? What is “there” before our perception simplifies the world? Nothing familiar, Hoffman claims. No matter. No objects. Not even a three-dimensional space. And no time. There is just consciousness. This is a wild idea. But it is a surprisingly precise idea. It is so precise, in fact, that Hoffman’s team can derive basic findings in particle physics from their theory.  A fascinating conversation was guaranteed. I hope you enjoy it. If you do, consider becoming a supporter of On Humans on ⁠⁠Patreon.com/OnHumans⁠⁠.  MENTIONS Names: David Gross, Nima Arkani-Hamed, Edward Whitten, Nathan Seiberg, Andrew Strominger, Edwin Abbott, Nick Bostrom, Giulio Tononi, Keith Frankish, Daniel Dennett, Steven Pinker, Roger Penrose, Sean Carroll,  Swapan Chattopadhyay Terms (Physics and Maths): quantum fields, string theory, gluon, scattering amplitude, amplituhedron, decorated permutations, bosons, leptons, quarks, Planck scale, twistor theory, M-theory, multiverse, recurrent communicating classes, Cantor’s hierarchy (relating to different sizes of infinity... If this sounds weird, stay tuned for full episode on infinity. It will come out in a month or two.) Terms (Philosophy and Psychology): Kant’s phenomena and noumena, integrated information theory, global workspace theory, orchestrated objective reduction theory, attention schema theory Books: Case Against Reality by Hoffman, Enlightenment Now by Steven Pinker Articles etc.: For links to articles, courses, and more, see ⁠https://onhumans.substack.com/p/links-for-episode-30⁠

Join MIT Professor Yasheng Huang, an expert on modern China and author of influential works, as he dives into fascinating aspects of Chinese history. He tackles the Needham Question, revealing the paradox of ancient innovations and modern stagnation. Discover how footbinding links to technological decline and why increased Buddhism spurred inventions. Huang shares personal reflections from the Tiananmen Square protests and discusses economic reforms versus political setbacks in the 1980s, shedding light on contemporary China's ongoing challenges.

Explore why Eurasia became the breeding ground for the world’s largest empires and technological breakthroughs. Delve into the intriguing hypothesis that Ice Age ancestors may have shaped these lands for agriculture and societal development. The discussion challenges genetic explanations for Eurasian dominance and critiques simplistic views like environmental determinism. Highlighting the resilience of humanity, the podcast invites listeners to rethink historical patterns and our evolving relationship with the environment.

David C. Kang, a USC professor and co-author of "Beyond Power Transitions," explores the complexities of war and peace in East Asia, highlighting how historical interactions among China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam challenge Eurocentric theories of international relations. He argues that many conflicts stem from internal dynamics rather than external aggression. Kang also critiques the notion of the 'Thucydides trap' in U.S.-China relations and emphasizes the importance of understanding longstanding regional stability alongside the continuous influence of historical legacies in shaping modern conflicts.