Particles of Thought

A sinkhole can become a time capsule full of skeletons - layers upon layers of beasts that once walked the Earth - and Florida’s landscape is full of them. Discover the surprising science of how Florida’s sinkholes form, what they really are, and what can be found inside them. Come along with Dr. Kirk Johnson, Sant Director of the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, as he describes what he calls "the best sinkhole experienceFor more, check out the extended interview with Kirk Johnson.Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. 

In a world flooded with fake videos and voice recordings that seem real, how can you detect deepfakes? Turns out, there are some aspects of the physical world that are not yet known to artificial intelligence - and those gaps are the key. Expert Hany Farid reveals techniques that can be used to detect AI-generated media.For more, check out the extended interview with Hany Farid. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. 

What do deep-sea microbes and Martian “leopard spots” have in common? Marine biologist Peter Girguis thinks they might both hold clues to finding life beyond Earth. In this episode, he joins Hakeem for a journey from the ocean floor to outer space, sharing stories from his dives aboard the Alvin submersible and exploring how Earth’s most extreme lifeforms could help us find the first ETs. Along the way, he explains how Earth is truly a microbial planet — teeming with enough microbes to stretch across the galaxy –  reshaping how we think about life, both here and out there. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. —————————Guest Bio: Peter Girguis is a professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. His research focuses on marine organisms, and how they adapt to extreme environments. He also works on developing novel technologies like deep sea autonomous laboratories and microbial fuel cells. Girguis appears in NOVA’s Ancient Earth seriesTimestamps(00:00:00) Microbes Rule the Planet(00:13:45) Deep Ocean Exploration(00:36:30) Signs of Life on Mars(00:54:18) Other Life in Outer Space(01:01:23) Two Truths and a Lie: Science Headlines(01:07:00) The Future of Working With Microbes(01:11:22) Credits

Talking, singing, even dancing — they all trace back to a rare superpower: vocal learning. But humans aren’t the only animals that have it. Neuroscientist Erich Jarvis has spent his career decoding the mysterious ability to imitate sounds, a key ingredient in spoken language. In this episode, he joins Hakeem to explore why only a handful of species — like parrots, dolphins, and bats — can do it, how it evolved, and what it reveals about the brain, consciousness, and culture. Plus, Erich shares how AI is helping decode animal communication  and why engineering our pets to talk might actually be possible… but could fundamentally change the way they think. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. —————————Guest Bio:Erich Jarvis is a neuroscientist investigating the mysteries of speech and vocal learning through groundbreaking research on birdsong and brain evolution. As a professor at The Rockefeller University and head of the Jarvis Lab, he explores how complex behaviors like human language arise from brain circuits and genetic pathways. Jarvis was also profiled in NOVA Wonders: What are Animals Saying.Timestamps(00:00:00) Language in Animals vs. Humans(00:10:37) Music and Vocal Learning(00:20:15) Can You Genetically Engineer Animals to Speak?(00:27:48) How Did Speech Evolve?(00:36:09) Can We Translate Animal Language? (00:42:27) Brain Size and Speech(00:48:14) Writing & Symbolic Communication (00:57:00) Conclusion(01:04:02) Credits

Your brain does all kinds of strange things — and neuroscientist Heather Berlin wants to explain how it works. In this episode, she joins Hakeem to explore the mysteries of the mind: how consciousness works, how your brain constructs reality, and how you might be able to hack it to live a better life. They dive into the effects of psychedelics and meditation, and explore the future of thought in a world shaped by AI. This episode is no placebo – it really will expand your mind. Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. --------------------------Guest Bio:Heather Berlin is a neuroscientist, clinical psychologist, and associate clinical professor of psychiatry and neuroscience at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. She is interested in how consciousness and creativity work within the brain and is also the host of NOVA’s "Your Brain" two-part special.Timestamps(00:00:00) What is Consciousness?(00:09:38) Perception Box(00:22:18) What's My Brain Doing? Deja Vu, Goosebumps & More(00:34:45) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Ketamine Treatment(00:44:55) Thoughts and Creative Flow States(00:58:02) Aversive Conditioning: Addiction, Anxiety, and Behavior(01:08:06) Fame & Fulfillment(01:18:02) The Future of Neuroscience(01:29:09) Credits

Join mineralogist Robert (Bob) Hazen and astrobiologist Mike Wong as they propose a groundbreaking Law of Increasing Functional Information. They dive into how complexity emerges in life and the universe, discussing the differences between scientific laws and theories. The duo explains the critical role of context and selection in evolving systems, illustrating their ideas with real-world examples from minerals to AI innovation. Their insights challenge traditional views and open new avenues for understanding complexity, life, and even cooking!

Black holes get a bad rap. They’ve been cast as the monsters of the cosmos — gobbling up stars and stretching anything that gets too close into cosmic spaghetti. But Black Hole expert Janna Levin has spent her career decoding these mysterious objects, and she thinks they’re just misunderstood. In this episode, she dives into the strange physics of black holes: what they are, what they sound like, what happens if you fall into one, and how there’s a lighter side to every black hole. Janna shares why black holes might not be the end of everything — but the beginning of something even weirder.Learn more about NOVA and subscribe to our YouTube channel. --------------------------Guest Bio:Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard College of Columbia University, where she explores the profound mysteries of black holes, cosmology, and the nature of the universe. She is also the founding scientific director of Pioneer Works, a nonprofit cultural center in Brooklyn that fosters collaboration across science, art, and education. An award-winning author and renowned science communicator, Levin has written several acclaimed books, including Black Hole Blues and Other Songs from Outer Space, and has spent her career making the strange and beautiful realities of the cosmos accessible to a wide audience. She is host of NOVA’s two-part special Black Hole Apocalypse.Timestamps(00:00:00) Introduction(00:04:12) Black Holes Get a Bad Rap(00:09:08) Gravity and Free Fall(00:12:04) Black Holes 101(00:14:48) Warping Space Time(00:21:25) Is the Universe a Black Hole?(00:23:33) This Is the Century for Black Hole Discoveries(00:25:53) Ligo & Gravitational Waves(00:39:55) Black Holes Are Hairless(00:47:50) 2 Truths & a Lie, Black Hole Edition(00:52:35) Hawking Radiation(00:58:11) Black Holes Can Be Bigger on the Inside Than the Outside(01:01:15) Holography and Black Hole Information Paradox(01:04:57) Quantum Entanglement(01:12:30) Black Holes Helping to Understand Fundamental Laws of the Universe(01:16:27) Extra Dimensions(01:20:01) Credits

Hany Farid is a Professor of computer science and digital forensics at UC Berkeley and Chief Science Officer at GetReal Labs, focusing on deepfake detection and misinformation. He discusses how AI can manipulate reality and the challenges in distinguishing real from fake media. Hany explains the technology behind deepfakes, including generative adversarial networks, and highlights detection methods. He warns about the public's inability to spot fakes and emphasizes the need for trusted journalism. The conversation touches on AI's impact on jobs, education, and the future of creativity.

Dr. Kirk Johnson, the Sant Director at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History and a paleo expert, dives deep into fossils and the ancient history of life on Earth. He shares fascinating insights about how fossils form, the origins of Earth's oceans, and his experience discovering fossil-rich sites worldwide. Kirk discusses the significance of the Burgess Shale, how asteroids may hold clues about early water, and reveals tips for aspiring fossil hunters. Join him for a journey through millions of years of Earth's history!

What happens when brilliant minds collide? In Particles of Thought, astrophysicist Hakeem Oluseyi is obsessed with understanding not just what the world's greatest scientists know, but how they think. From quantum mechanics clashing with general relativity to fossil memories written in ancient rocks, each conversation captures those electrifying moments when curiosity sparks new understanding. Join Hakeem as he explores the downright bizarre, the subatomic, and the furthest reaches of the universe through the minds that dare to question everything.Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more content and exclusive videos.