Nourish Balance Thrive

Many of our listeners and clients are concerned about how best to fuel for longer events or training. While many athletes are downing sports gels and high carb drinks we have always advocated for alternatives that keep you competitive while helping you maintain consistent energy levels. Overall diet composition plays a big role in preparing for competition, as does meal timing, but for long events or a busy lifestyle, it also helps to be able to pack the right fuel to keep going. Joining me this week is Greg Potter, PhD. Greg has been on the podcast numerous times to talk about sleep, chronotypes, and chrononutrition. Today he is with us as the Chief Science Officer of Resilient Nutrition, a company that has created Long Range Fuel, a new line of nut-butter based nutrition products for fueling sustainable performance. Greg talks about how an early version of Long Range Fuel helped power a world record-breaking trans-Atlantic rowing event in 2019. He also shares the science behind the specific ingredients they’ve included to boost your workout, keep you calm, and support your recovery and strength. Here’s the outline of this interview with Greg Potter: [00:00:17] Joshua Fields Milburn of The Minimalists: "Love people, use things." [00:05:10] Rowers Max Thorpe and Chris Williams; TEDx Talk: Fire & Water:The Value of Control Amid Chaos. [00:06:36] Long Range Fuel. [00:05:51] Preparing Dave Spelman and Max Thorpe for their world record-breaking rowing event in 2019. [00:07:50] Fueling the Talisker Whisky Atlantic Challenge.  [00:20:35] Creatine supplementation. [00:22:15] World Champion triathlete Lesley Paterson. Podcast: Off Road Triathlon World Champion Lesley Paterson on FMT and Solving Mental Conundrums. [00:24:54] Effects of creatine on sleep; Study: Dworak, Markus, et al. "Creatine supplementation reduces sleep need and homeostatic sleep pressure in rats." Journal of sleep research 26.3 (2017): 377-385. [00:25:54] Effects of caffeine and creatine on athletic performance; Study: Cook, Christian J., et al. "Skill execution and sleep deprivation: effects of acute caffeine or creatine supplementation-a randomized placebo-controlled trial." Journal of the international society of sports nutrition 8.1 (2011): 1-8. [00:26:50] When/how to dose creatine. [00:27:54] Creatine vs. creatinine. [00:28:49] Creapure creatine monohydrate found in many creatine supplements. [00:30:59] Ultra-endurance athlete, Claire Smith. [00:33:48] 4 Different types of long-range fuel: Energise, Energise & Rebuild, Calm, Calm & Rebuild. [00:40:36] L-leucine enhances the anabolic effects of whey; Study: Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., et al. "Leucine supplementation of a low-protein mixed macronutrient beverage enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis in young men: a double-blind, randomized trial." The American journal of clinical nutrition 99.2 (2014): 276-286. [00:41:21] Caffeine and L-theanine. [00:41:49] Meta-analyses of caffeine and exercise performance; Umbrella review: Grgic, Jozo, et al. "Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance—an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54.11 (2020): 681-688. [00:43:09] Caffeine enhances cognition - vigilance, attention, reaction time, mood. Review: McLellan, Tom M., John A. Caldwell, and Harris R. Lieberman. "A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 71 (2016): 294-312. [00:44:20] L-theanine reduces anxiety and stress; Review: Sakamoto, Filipe Lopes, et al. "Psychotropic effects of L-theanine and its clinical properties: From the management of anxiety and stress to a potential use in schizophrenia." Pharmacological Research 147 (2019): 104395. [00:44:40] Complementary effects of caffeine and L-theanine; Review: Bryan, Janet. "Psychological effects of dietary components of tea: caffeine and L-theanine." Nutrition reviews 66.2 (2008): 82-90. [00:49:06] Dosing Long Range Fuel. [00:55:04] Resilient Nutrition. [00:57:24] Behavior change; Professor Susan Michie, PhD.; Simon Marshall, PhD. [00:57:52] 93 different behavior change techniques; Study: Michie, Susan, et al. "The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions." Annals of behavioral medicine 46.1 (2013): 81-95. [00:58:21] Find Resilient Nutrition on Instagram and Facebook.

There’s more than one way to measure how fast you’re ageing. There’s chronological age - the number of years you’ve been alive - and then there’s biological age, which you can think of as the total damage your body has accumulated over the years. Your chronological age may differ from your biological age, in which case it’s interesting to understand why. The good news is you can reduce your biological age by improving your lifestyle, which in turn can lengthen lifespan and healthspan. The question is, then, how to quantify biological age? On this podcast, NBT Scientific Director Megan Hall talks about PhenoAge: a measure of biological age that can be determined by analyzing a shortlist of common blood markers. We talk about why PhenoAge is important and valid as a reliable measure of biological status, and how you can get your PhenoAge score. Megan also offers tips for improving your PhenoAge once you’ve got your baseline. This episode has a ton of information, so be sure to follow along with Megan’s outline. Here’s the outline of this interview with Megan Hall: [00:00:25] Arden Pope, PhD; Studies on the effects of air pollution on human health. [00:01:15] Puppy update. [00:05:54] Is ageing a disease? Article: Bulterijs, Sven, et al. "It is time to classify biological aging as a disease." Frontiers in genetics 6 (2015): 205.   [00:06:35] Primary vs secondary ageing. [00:08:02] Book: Lifespan: Why We Age - and Why We Don't Have To, by David A. Sinclair PhD. [00:08:16] Ken Ford; STEM-Talk Podcast. Ken Ford on the NBT Podcast: Optimal Diet and Movement for Healthspan, Amplified Intelligence and More. [00:09:19] Measuring ageing. [00:13:09] Theories of ageing - more than 300 theories; Articles: Tosato, Matteo, et al. "The aging process and potential interventions to extend life expectancy." Clinical interventions in aging 2.3 (2007): 401. 2. da Costa, Joao Pinto, et al. "A synopsis on aging—Theories, mechanisms and future prospects." Ageing research reviews 29 (2016): 90-112. 3. Jin, Kunlin. "Modern biological theories of aging." Aging and disease 1.2 (2010): 72.  [00:13:34] Grandmother hypothesis; Podcast: The Postmenopausal Longevity Paradox and the Evolutionary Advantage of Our Grandmothering Life History, with Kristen Hawkes, PhD. [00:14:48] Program Theories and Damage Theories. [00:17:45] Epigenetic clock theory of aging; Steven Horvath; Study: Horvath, Steve, and Kenneth Raj. "DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing." Nature Reviews Genetics 19.6 (2018): 371.  [00:19:02] Steven Horvath's TEDx talk: Epigenetic Clocks Help to Find Anti-Aging Treatments. [00:20:47] Book: Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture, by David Kushner. [00:21:43] DNA methylation; Article: Horvath, Steve. "DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types." Genome biology 14.10 (2013): 3156. [00:23:13] Offspring of semi-supercentenarians have lower epigenetic age; Study: Horvath, Steve, et al. "Decreased epigenetic age of PBMCs from Italian semi-supercentenarians and their offspring." Aging (Albany NY) 7.12 (2015): 1159.  [00:23:36] Methylation based biological age associated with: 1.  breast cancer risk: Kresovich, Jacob K., et al. "Methylation-based biological age and breast cancer risk." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111.10 (2019): 1051-1058. 2. Frailty: Breitling, Lutz Philipp, et al. "Frailty is associated with the epigenetic clock but not with telomere length in a German cohort." Clinical epigenetics 8.1 (2016): 21; 3. All-cause mortality: Marioni, Riccardo E., et al. "DNA methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life." Genome biology 16.1 (2015): 1-12 and Christiansen, Lene, et al. "DNA methylation age is associated with mortality in a longitudinal Danish twin study." Aging cell 15.1 (2016): 149-154. [00:24:46] PhenoAge as a biomarker of ageing for lifespan and healthspan; Study: Levine, Morgan E., et al. "An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan." Aging (Albany NY) 10.4 (2018): 573. [00:29:06] Nine blood markers that make up PhenoAge. [00:29:57] PhenoAge related to COVID-19; Study: Kuo, Chia-Ling, et al. "COVID-19 severity is predicted by earlier evidence of accelerated aging." medRxiv (2020).  [00:30:34] Combining PhenoAge with DNA methylation data as a predictor of mortality. [00:33:28] Episode 59 of HumanOS podcast: Are You Biologically Older or Younger Than Your Chronological Age? [00:33:58] Dr. Josh Turkett’s 4-quadrant model. [00:34:00] Lifestyle factors that accelerate ageing: Sleep: Li, Xiaoyu, et al. "Association between sleep disordered breathing and epigenetic age acceleration: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis." EBioMedicine 50 (2019): 387-394; Socioeconimic status, childhood and adult adversity: Liu, Zuyun, et al. "Associations of genetics, behaviors, and life course circumstances with a novel aging and healthspan measure: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study." PLoS medicine 16.6 (2019): e1002827; Education: Zhao, Wei, et al. "Education and lifestyle factors are associated with DNA methylation clocks in older African Americans." International journal of environmental research and public health 16.17 (2019): 3141. [00:35:59] Protein; Podcast: Why You’re Probably Not Eating Enough Protein (How to Know for Sure), with Megan Hall. [00:36:50] Book: The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-term Health, by Justin Sonnenburg and Erica Sonnenburg. [00:37:23] Bloodsmart.ai. [00:38:35] Patreon: nbt.link [00:39:33] Age reversal possible in humans? Study: Fahy, Gregory M., et al. "Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescent trends in humans." Aging cell 18.6 (2019): e13028.  [00:40:15] Simon Marshall, PhD. [00:41:00] Interpreting your blood markers to understand PhenoAge. [00:46:11] PhenoAge vs Predicted Age.

Dr. Sue Carter is a Distinguished University Scientist and Rudy Professor Emerita of Biology at Indiana University. A career biologist, Dr Carter has studied the endocrinology of love and social bonds for more than three decades. Her research on pair bonding helped lay the foundation for further work on the behavioural and developmental effects of oxytocin and vasopressin in humans. Recently, she has been examining the role of these neuropeptides in psychiatric and neurological disorders such as autism and depression. In this podcast, Dr Carter discusses the many ways oxytocin is integral to our development, physiological health, and social behaviour. She explains how too much or too little can be detrimental and describes her long-standing concern regarding the consequences of using synthetic oxytocin to induce labour during pregnancy. She talks about some of the recently discovered developmental functions of oxytocin and vasopressin, including muscle and bone synthesis and regeneration, and shares what you can do to increase the oxytocin your body produces naturally. Here’s the outline of this interview with Sue Carter: [00:00:15] Book: Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, by Robert M. Sapolsky. [00:01:01] Studying prairie voles. [00:07:51] Thomas Insel, Larry Young, and Zuoxin Wang at Emory University. [00:14:13] Book: Sperm Wars: Infidelity, Sexual Conflict, and Other Bedroom Battles, by Robin Baker. [00:14:36] Sarah Hrdy; Book: Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. [00:17:29] Effects of early life stress on oxytocin and vasopressin. [00:26:15] "Cry it out" sleep training. [00:28:04] Oxytocin and autism. [00:30:13] Oxytocin being studied in treatment of autism; Reviews: 1. Benner, Seico, and Hidenori Yamasue. "Clinical potential of oxytocin in autism spectrum disorder: current issues and future perspectives." Behavioural Pharmacology 29.1 (2018): 1-12; 2. Okamoto, Yuko, et al. "The potential of nasal oxytocin administration for remediation of autism spectrum disorders." CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders) 15.5 (2016): 564-577. [00:31:57] Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin). [00:34:06] Just the right amount of oxytocin is required; too much and the system is disrupted. (Study mentioned by Sue is not available). [00:36:19] Postpartum depression. [00:39:52] Oxytocin as anti-inflammatory. [00:40:40] Higher oxytocin associated with faster wound healing; Study: Gouin, Jean-Philippe, et al. "Marital behavior, oxytocin, vasopressin, and wound healing." Psychoneuroendocrinology 35.7 (2010): 1082-1090. [00:42:08] Optimizing your body's production of oxytocin. [00:42:43] Oxytocin necessary for muscle regeneration; Study: Elabd, Christian, et al. "Oxytocin is an age-specific circulating hormone that is necessary for muscle maintenance and regeneration." Nature communications 5.1 (2014): 1-11. [00:43:35] Effect of exercise on oxytocin production. [00:44:53] Oxytocin during exercise could prevent breast cancer; Study: Alizadeh, Ali Mohammad, et al. "Oxytocin mediates the beneficial effects of the exercise training on breast cancer." Experimental physiology 103.2 (2018): 222-235. [00:46:30] Dr. Josh Turknett on minimizing environmental mismatch; Podcast: How to Win at Angry Birds: The Ancestral Paradigm for a Therapeutic Revolution. [00:46:38] Book: The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease, by Daniel Lieberman. [00:46:41] Article: Evolved to Exercise, by Herman Pontzer. [00:50:22] Potential use in treating COVID-19; Commentary: Oxytocin, a possible treatment for COVID-19? Everything to Gain, Nothing to Lose. [00:55:03] Effects of adversity on oxytocin and vasopressin. [00:56:02] Dr. Stephen Porges; Book: The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). [00:57:58] Possible downsides of oxytocin; Creating intergroup bias: De Dreu, Carsten KW, et al. "Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.4 (2011): 1262-1266. [00:58:26] Vasopressin implicated in out-group phenomenon; Review: Kavaliers, Martin, and Elena Choleris. "Out-group threat responses, in-group bias, and nonapeptide involvement are conserved across vertebrates:(A Comment on Bruintjes et al.,“Out-Group Threat Promotes Within-Group Affiliation in a Cooperative Fish”)." The American Naturalist 189.4 (2017): 453-458. (On SciHub). [00:59:18] Podcast: Survival of the Friendliest: Understanding Our Origins and Rediscovering Our Common Humanity, with Brian Hare, PhD. [01:02:42] Podcast: The Postmenopausal Longevity Paradox and the Evolutionary Advantage of Our Grandmothering Life History, with Kristen Hawkes, PhD. [01:04:13] The value of breastfeeding. [01:09:54] Review paper: Is Oxytocin “Nature’s Medicine”? Not yet published. Please contact Sue if you would like a copy. [01:11:15] Where to find Sue: Indiana University; Kinsey Institute; Pubmed.

Megan Maas, PhD, is an assistant professor in Human Development and Family Studies. Her work sits at the intersection of sexual violence prevention and sexual health promotion. Her award-winning research, recognized by the American Psychological Association, focuses on adolescent sexual socialization, with an emphasis on the bi-directional role that social media, sexting, and online pornography play in the development of attitudes and behaviour related to sexuality and gender. For the last 10 years, she has been invited to talk on this subject for audiences of students, parents, and teachers at universities and organizations across the US.  On this podcast, Dr Maas discusses the allure of pornography and its impact on relationships and young people. She talks about gender differences with regard to how pornography is perceived and research that suggests it has become a popular medium for both men and women. She discusses the societal influences that cause many people to associate danger with romance, morality and ethics in the porn industry, and how best to talk to your children about sex and sexual imagery on the Internet. Here’s the outline of this interview with Megan Maas: [00:01:32] Megan's background. [00:04:04] The allure of pornography. [00:05:57] Book: Sex at Dawn: How We Mate, Why We Stray, and What It Means for Modern Relationships, by Christopher Ryan; Podcast: Civilized to Death: Are We Really Making Progress? [00:07:51] Anthropologist Helen Fisher. [00:09:46] The history of porn. [00:14:19] The role of erotic literature; Book: 50 Shades of Grey, by E.L. James. [00:15:00] Audio porn: women aroused by sound. [00:16:13] Women’s arousal not limited by gender; Study: Chivers, Meredith L., Michael C. Seto, and Ray Blanchard. "Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films." Journal of personality and social psychology 93.6 (2007): 1108. [00:17:17] Women enjoy gay male pornography; Paper: Neville, Lucy. "Male gays in the female gaze: Women who watch m/m pornography." Porn Studies 2.2-3 (2015): 192-207. [00:17:40] Coolidge effect; Studied in humans: Hughes, Susan M., et al. "Experimental Evidence for Sex Differences in Sexual Variety Preferences: Support for the Coolidge Effect in Humans." Archives of Sexual Behavior (2020). [00:19:32] Women are as likely to cheat as men, especially when ovulating; Studies: 1. Mark, Kristen P., Erick Janssen, and Robin R. Milhausen. "Infidelity in heterosexual couples: Demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex." Archives of sexual behavior 40.5 (2011): 971-982; 2.  Haselton, Martie G., and Steven W. Gangestad. "Conditional expression of women's desires and men's mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle." Hormones and behavior 49.4 (2006): 509-518. [00:20:41] Egg may have a preference for a particular sperm; Study: Fitzpatrick, John L., et al. "Chemical signals from eggs facilitate cryptic female choice in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287.1928 (2020): 20200805. [00:21:19] Oral birth control can affect who you’re attracted to; Study: Roberts, S. Craig, et al. "Relationship satisfaction and outcome in women who meet their partner while using oral contraception." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279.1732 (2012): 1430-1436. [00:22:14] Romance has become associated with drama and danger; Megan’s Huffington Post article, 'Boys Will Be Boys': The Lie That Keeps It All Going; Blog post: Love hurts: What we learn from Beauty & the Beast, Twilight, and Fifty Shades of Grey; [00:24:49] Sex education. [00:29:55] How porn affects relationships - is it improving things or hurting? [00:32:17] Simon Marshall, PhD; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Books by Russ Harris. [00:32:35] Morality and ethics in the porn industry. [00:37:39] Megan’s TED Talk: How the Evolution of Porn Changed Adolescence | Megan Maas | TEDxMSU; Interview with Megan on YouTube.  [00:39:58] Book: The Gardener and the Carpenter: What the New Science of Child Development Tells Us About the Relationship Between Parents and Children, by Alison Gopnik. [00:40:54] Advice for parents. [00:43:25] Podcast: How to Live Well in a High Tech World, with Cal Newport. [00:43:47] Podcasts with Ashley Mason: 1. Paleo Psychology with Ashley Mason PhD, Mindfulness and Cognitive; 2.  Behavioral Strategies for Diabetes and Sleep Problems; 3. How to Use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia. [00:45:59] Talking to kids about sex. [00:46:27] Books Megan recommends. [00:47:23] Book: Good Pictures Bad Pictures: Porn-Proofing Today's Young Kids, by Kristen Jenson. [00:49:02] E-book: Talking with Kids about...Porn: A Guide.  [00:54:07] People who are more religious use more porn; Study: Whitehead, Andrew L., and Samuel L. Perry. "Unbuckling the Bible belt: A state-level analysis of religious factors and Google searches for porn." The Journal of Sex Research 55.3 (2018): 273-283. [00:54:54] Book: The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind, by Alison Gopnik. [01:00:20] Sam Harris Podcast: #213 - The Worst Epidemic. [01:07:56] Megan’s website: meganmaas.com.

A few weeks ago NBT Scientific Director Megan Hall and I met up to discuss the causes of postprandial fatigue, commonly known as “food coma”. We talked about two common causes, both associated with glucose dysregulation. Megan described some of the mechanisms causing hypoglycemia, including accelerated gastric emptying, periods of increased insulin sensitivity, and low hormonal states, while hyperglycemia is often associated with insulin resistance. This was such a big topic we only covered about half of it the first time around, so we’re continuing the conversation today. On this podcast, Megan and I discuss three additional causes of postprandial fatigue: endotoxin, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Megan describes each of these scenarios in detail, discussing some of the upstream causes that can be targeted early on to avoid problems. She also provides practical steps you can take if you’re one of the millions dozing off after lunch every day. Be sure to follow along with Megan’s outline for this podcast.  Here’s the outline of this interview with Megan Hall: [00:01:42] Previous podcast: Postprandial Fatigue: Is It Normal To Need A Nap After Lunch?  [00:03:20] Hans Vink; Hyperglycemia reduces glycocalyx volume while NAC infusion prevents the reduction. Nieuwdorp, Max, et al. "Loss of endothelial glycocalyx during acute hyperglycemia coincides with endothelial dysfunction and coagulation activation in vivo." Diabetes 55.2 (2006): 480-486. [00:03:51] Malcolm Kendrick on the glycocalyx; Podcasts: Why Cholesterol Levels Have No Effect on Cardiovascular Disease (And Things to Think about Instead) and A Statin Nation: Damaging Millions in a Brave New Post-health World. [00:04:51] NBT Strength and Conditioning Coach Zach Moore; Podcast: How to Strength Train Without a Gym. [00:06:21] Postprandial endotoxemia (PPE): definition, causes, downstream effects; Study: Kelly, Caleb J., Sean P. Colgan, and Daniel N. Frank. "Of microbes and meals: the health consequences of dietary endotoxemia." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 27.2 (2012): 215-225.  [00:11:04] What to do about PPE. [00:11:56] Probiotics; Podcasts: How to Optimise Your Gut Microbiome and Microbiome Myths and Misconceptions, with Lucy Mailing, PhD; How to Use Probiotics to Improve Your Health, with Jason Hawrelak, PhD. [00:12:10] Megasporebiotic; Study: McFarlin, Brian K., et al. "Oral spore-based probiotic supplementation was associated with reduced incidence of post-prandial dietary endotoxin, triglycerides, and disease risk biomarkers." World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology 8.3 (2017): 117. [00:12:36] Chris' sister's story. [00:13:51] S. boulardii - may help with gut barrier function; Study: Terciolo, Chloe, Michel Dapoigny, and Frederic Andre. "Beneficial effects of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 on clinical disorders associated with intestinal barrier disruption." Clinical and experimental gastroenterology 12 (2019): 67. [00:14:23] Additional supplements that may help with gut: Enteromend, Permaclear, GI Revive, SBI Protect. [00:17:09] Dietary interventions for PPE. [00:17:14] Plant polyphenols; Studies: 1. Wong, Ximena, et al. "Polyphenol extracts interfere with bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vitro and decrease postprandial endotoxemia in human volunteers." Journal of Functional Foods 26 (2016): 406-417; 2. González‐Sarrías, Antonio, et al. "The endotoxemia marker lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein is reduced in overweight‐obese subjects consuming pomegranate extract by modulating the gut microbiota: A randomized clinical trial." Molecular nutrition & food research 62.11 (2018): 1800160; 3. Kolehmainen, Marjukka, et al. "Bilberries reduce low‐grade inflammation in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome." Molecular nutrition & food research 56.10 (2012): 1501-1510.  [00:17:36] Sulforaphane; Studies: 1. Yanaka, Akinori, Junya Sato, and Shun Ohmori. "Sulforaphane protects small intestinal mucosa from aspirin/NSAID-induced injury by enhancing host defense systems against oxidative stress and by inhibiting mucosal invasion of anaerobic enterobacteria." Current pharmaceutical design 19.1 (2013): 157-162. 2. Yanaka, Akinori. "Role of sulforaphane in protection of gastrointestinal tract against H. pylori and NSAID-induced oxidative stress." Current pharmaceutical design 23.27 (2017): 4066-4075. [00:17:53] Hormetea. [00:20:20] Dietary oil composition plays a role in endotoxin transport; Study: Mani, Venkatesh, James H. Hollis, and Nicholas K. Gabler. "Dietary oil composition differentially modulates intestinal endotoxin transport and postprandial endotoxemia." Nutrition & metabolism 10.1 (2013): 6. [00:21:55] Supporting detoxification; Studies: 1. Fox, Eben S., Peter Thomas, and Selwyn A. Broitman. "Hepatic mechanisms for clearance and detoxification of bacterial endotoxins." The journal of nutritional biochemistry 1.12 (1990): 620-628 (SciHub); 2. Munford, Robert S. "Invited review: detoxifying endotoxin: time, place and person." Journal of endotoxin research 11.2 (2005): 69-84. [00:22:20] Enterosgel. [00:24:04] Inflammation; Study: Mo, Zhenzhen, et al. "Endotoxin May Not Be the Major Cause of Postprandial Inflammation in Adults Who Consume a Single High-Fat or Moderately High-Fat Meal." The Journal of Nutrition 150.5 (2020): 1303-1312. [00:25:51] Lucy Mailing on gut barrier integrity: Article: Is a high-fat or ketogenic diet bad for your gut? Discussed on NBT Forum post. [00:26:26] Food sensitivities; Studies: 1. Ohtsuka, Yoshikazu. "Food intolerance and mucosal inflammation." Pediatrics International 57.1 (2015): 22-29; 2. Wilders-Truschnig, M., et al. "IgG antibodies against food antigens are correlated with inflammation and intima media thickness in obese juveniles." Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes 116.4 (2008): 241. [00:27:58] IL-1 and postprandial fatigue; Study: Lehrskov, Louise L., et al. "The role of IL-1 in postprandial fatigue." Molecular metabolism 12 (2018): 107-112. [00:29:05] Mitochondrial dysfunction and glucose dysregulation; Study: Sergi, Domenico, et al. "Mitochondrial (dys) function and insulin resistance: From pathophysiological molecular mechanisms to the impact of diet." Frontiers in physiology 10 (2019): 532. [00:29:54] Normal vs pathological biochemistry. [00:32:53] TCA cycle and electron transport chain. [00:33:21] Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism; Study: Hoehn, Kyle L., et al. "Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.42 (2009): 17787-17792. [00:35:02] Blood sugar dysregulation and mito dysfunction; Studies: 1. Stefano, George B., Sean Challenger, and Richard M. Kream. "Hyperglycemia-associated alterations in cellular signaling and dysregulated mitochondrial bioenergetics in human metabolic disorders." European journal of nutrition 55.8 (2016): 2339-2345; 2. Rolo, Anabela P., and Carlos M. Palmeira. "Diabetes and mitochondrial function: role of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress." Toxicology and applied pharmacology 212.2 (2006): 167-178; 3. Kaikini, Aakruti Arun, et al. "Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction for the treatment of diabetic complications: pharmacological interventions through natural products." Pharmacognosy Reviews 11.22 (2017): 128. [00:36:26] How to support mitochondria. [00:36:46] Low-carb diet; Study: Miller, Vincent J., Frederick A. Villamena, and Jeff S. Volek. "Nutritional ketosis and mitohormesis: potential implications for mitochondrial function and human health." Journal of nutrition and metabolism 2018 (2018). [00:37:04] Exercise; Studies: 1. Oliveira, Ashley N., and David A. Hood. "Exercise is mitochondrial medicine for muscle." Sports Medicine and Health Science 1.1 (2019): 11-18; 2. Memme, Jonathan M., et al. "Exercise and mitochondrial health." The Journal of Physiology (2019); 3. Huertas, Jesus R., et al. "Stay fit, stay young: mitochondria in movement: the role of exercise in the new mitochondrial paradigm." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (2019). [00:37:31] TRE or fasting, CR; Study: Lettieri-Barbato, Daniele, et al. "Time-controlled fasting prevents aging-like mitochondrial changes induced by persistent dietary fat overload in skeletal muscle." PloS one 13.5 (2018): e0195912. [00:38:03] Dietary polyphenols; Studies: 1. Sun, Chongde, et al. "Dietary polyphenols as antidiabetic agents: Advances and opportunities." Food Frontiers 1.1 (2020): 18-44; 2. Teixeira, José, et al. "Dietary polyphenols and mitochondrial function: role in health and disease." Current medicinal chemistry 26.19 (2019): 3376-3406. [00:38:47] Eat berries before a carb rich meal; 1. Törrönen, Riitta, et al. "Berries reduce postprandial insulin responses to wheat and rye breads in healthy women." The Journal of nutrition 143.4 (2013): 430-436; 2. Xiao, Di, et al. "Attenuation of postmeal metabolic indices with red raspberries in individuals at risk for diabetes: A randomized controlled trial." Obesity 27.4 (2019): 542-550. [00:39:34] Eat fatty fish; Studies: Lanza, Ian R., et al. "Influence of fish oil on skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics and lipid metabolites during high-fat diet." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 304.12 (2013): E1391-E1403; 2. de Oliveira, Marcos Roberto, et al. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mitochondria, back to the future." Trends in food science & technology 67 (2017): 76-92. [00:39:53] Sleep; Studies: 1. Rodrigues, Nathane Rosa, et al. "Short-term sleep deprivation with exposure to nocturnal light alters mitochondrial bioenergetics in Drosophila." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 120 (2018): 395-406; 2. Schmitt, Karen, et al. "Circadian control of DRP1 activity regulates mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics." Cell metabolism 27.3 (2018): 657-666. [00:40:16] Supplements to support mitochondria; Study: Wesselink, E., et al. "Feeding mitochondria: potential role of nutritional components to improve critical illness convalescence." Clinical nutrition 38.3 (2019): 982-995. [00:42:22] Outline for this podcast.  [00:42:25] Dr. Josh Turkett’s 4-quadrant model. [00:44:47] 35% of pharmaceuticals cause mito dysfunction; Studies: 1. Meyer, Joel N., and Sherine SL Chan. "Sources, mechanisms, and consequences of chemical-induced mitochondrial toxicity." (2017): 2-4; and 2. Dykens, James A., and Yvonne Will. "The significance of mitochondrial toxicity testing in drug development." Drug discovery today 12.17-18 (2007): 777-785. [00:45:08] Environmental pollutants; Podcast: Environmental Pollutants and the Gut Microbiome, with Jodi Flaws, PhD. [00:45:22] Psychological stress; Podcast: Germline Exposures with Jill Escher. [00:46:35] Support NBT on Patreon. [00:46:51] Book a free 15-minute starter session with one of our coaches.

James Nestor is a San Francisco-based author and journalist who has written for Scientific American, Outside Magazine, The New York Times, The Atlantic, National Public Radio, and more. His latest book, Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art was released in May 2020 and became an instant New York Times and Wall Street Journal Top 10 bestseller. In it, he explores the history of how we have lost the ability to breathe properly and why we’re suffering from a long list of maladies as a result. These include snoring, sleep apnea, asthma, autoimmune disease, and allergies. On this podcast James explains how changing the way you breathe can have a profound effect on your emotional and physical health. He relates how his research led him to understanding and practising ancient breathing methods, even enlisting in a 21-day Stanford University experiment to have his nasal cavities and his mouth taped shut. He also describes a simple and inexpensive breathing technique that can quickly produce significant returns in health and performance.  Interviewing James this week is my NBT colleague Clay Higgins. Clay is a mountain biker, fourth-generation funeral homeowner, and was a client back in 2014. After transforming his health using ancestral health, Clay is now helping other people do the same. If you come to the front page of our website at nourishbalancethrive.com you’ll find a button to book a free starter session with Clay. During the session, he'll take a look at your history and share how we'd work with you. If you’re not in the US, don’t worry! Since we always work remotely, we can help you almost anywhere in the world. Here’s the outline of this interview with James Nestor: [00:00:20] Book: Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art, by James Nestor. [00:01:57] Freediving; Book: Deep: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Tells Us about Ourselves, by James Nestor. [00:03:43] Jayakar V. Nayak, MD, PhD at Stanford. [00:05:13] Mouth breathing for 10 days. [00:08:21] Dr. Josh Turkett’s 4-quadrant model. [00:11:47] Why don't we prioritize how we breathe? [00:15:05] Video: Josh Turknett - How To Win At Angry Birds: The Ancestral Therapeutic Paradigm - AHS19; Podcast: How to Win at Angry Birds: The Ancestral Paradigm for a Therapeutic Revolution, with Josh Turknett, MD. [00:16:00] Book: Upstream: The Quest to Solve Problems Before They Happen, by Dan Heath. [00:19:08] Effects of breathing on skull shape; Studies: 1. Muñoz, Isabel Chung Leng, and Paola Beltri Orta. "Comparison of cephalometric patterns in mouth breathing and nose breathing children." International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 78.7 (2014): 1167-1172; 2. Chambi‐Rocha, Annel, Ma Eugenia Cabrera‐Domínguez, and Antonia Domínguez‐Reyes. "Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture." Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 94.2 (2018): 123-130 3. Jefferson, Yosh. "Mouth breathing: adverse effects on facial growth, health, academics, and behavior." Gen Dent 58.1 (2010): 18-25. [00:21:54] Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome. [00:23:52] Benefits of nasal breathing. [00:25:02] Study: Nasal breathing coordinates brain network interactions; Study: Zelano, Christina, et al. "Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function." Journal of Neuroscience 36.49 (2016): 12448-12467. [00:25:22] High percentage of kids with ADHD are mouth breathers. Study: Bonuck, Karen, et al. "Sleep-disordered breathing in a population-based cohort: behavioral outcomes at 4 and 7 years." Pediatrics 129.4 (2012): e857-e865. [00:25:02] Mouth breathing associated with emotional problems and ADHD. Study: Susan Shur‐Fen, G. A. U. "Prevalence of sleep problems and their association with inattention/hyperactivity among children aged 6–15 in Taiwan." Journal of Sleep Research 15.4 (2006): 403-414. [00:26:37] Dr. John Douillard, Dr. Phil Maffetone; MAF method. [00:31:13] Dr. Steven Park. [00:31:58] Mouth taping; James recommends 3M Micropore Hypoallergenic Tape. [00:37:11] Stanford’s Dr. Ann Kearney. [00:37:43] Video: James Nestor interviewing Dr. Mark Burhenne on mouth taping. [00:39:03] Studies on James’ website.  [00:41:46] Mrjamesnestor.com; Breath resources; Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn.

Dr Jim Stray-Gundersen MD is Board Certified in General Surgery and a world-renowned expert in sports medicine, exercise physiology and training for sports performance. He has worked for 35+ years with Olympic and professional athletes, including the US, Norwegian, German, and Canadian national teams, as well as with NASA, Special Forces, and all levels of the US Military. Jim currently serves as the sports science advisor for the US Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA) and is the founder of the SG Performance Medicine Center in Park City, Utah. On this podcast, Dr Stray-Gundersen defines the mechanisms and application of Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training and its effect on overall health, performance, power, and strength. He explains how BFR can deliver muscle gains identical to traditional strength training but with less weight, reduced risk of injury and faster recovery, making it a viable training option for people of all ages and fitness levels. He discusses the safety of BFR and the potential of this technique to revolutionise training and rehabilitation, particularly at this time when many of us no longer have access to a gym. Train harder and safer than you were before the gym shut down! Head over to bstrong.training before Aug 31, 2020, and use the discount code Performbetter to save 20% on the BFR system we talk about in this interview. Here’s the outline of this interview with Jim Stray-Gundersen: [00:00:19] Olympic skier Todd Lodwick's 2014 injury and recovery. [00:11:09] How blood flow restriction (BFR) works. [00:18:58] STEM-talk podcast: Episode 34: Jim Stray-Gundersen explains how blood flow restriction training builds muscle and improves performance. [00:19:04] IHMC lecture: Jim Stray-Gundersen - Blood Flow Restriction Training: Anti-aging medicine for the busy baby boomer. [00:19:08] Increased fast-twitch muscle fibers with BFR training; Study: Yasuda, T., et al. "Muscle fiber cross-sectional area is increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSU-resistance training." International Journal of KAATSU Training Research 1.2 (2005): 65-70. [00:22:50] Improvement in strength and muscle mass with walking and other low-load training; Meta-Analysis: Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy in Older Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. [00:23:35] Increases in VO2max with BFR; Meta-Analysis: Formiga, Magno F., et al. "Effect of Aerobic exercise training with and without blood flow restriction on aerobic capacity in healthy young adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis.” International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 15.2 (2020): 175. [00:30:34] Safety of BFR; Study: Nakajima, T., et al. "Use and safety of KAATSU training: results of a national survey." International Journal of KAATSU Training Research 2.1 (2006): 5-13. [00:39:24] B Strong vs. Kaatsu. [00:40:50] Contraindications for BFR. [00:43:35] BFR for varicose veins. [00:46:49] How to train. [00:48:48] 9-minute workout. [00:51:23] Measuring progress. [00:56:24] BFR for elite athletes. [00:57:51] Increased growth hormone and benefits for bone health; Studies: 1. Takarada, Yudai, et al. "Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion." Journal of applied physiology 88.1 (2000): 61-65. 2. Sato, Y., and T. Abe. "KAATSU-walk training increases serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in young men." International Journal of KAATSU Training Research 1.2 (2005): 77-81. [00:59:10] Why haven't we heard of this? [01:02:00] B Strong; Instagram, Twitter, Facebook.

Kara Collier, RDN, CNSC is a Registered Dietitian, Nutritionist and Certified Nutrition Support Clinician who specializes in glucose control and metabolism. She’s also the Director of Nutrition for Nutrisense, a company that uses continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to help their clients become aware of the factors impacting their blood sugar. Kara oversees a team of dietitians leveraging CGM data to build tailored nutrition and lifestyle plans. On this podcast, Kara talks about the value of using CGM to optimize metabolic health, prevent disease, and improve healthspan. She discusses how CGM captures critical information missed by traditional glucose screening tests and how the data can then guide lifestyle changes. We discuss optimal fasting and peak glucose ranges, the accuracy of CGM, and the 5 lifestyle pillars that tend to have a significant impact on blood glucose. Here’s the outline of this interview with Kara Collier: [00:02:54] Nutrisense; Continuous glucose monitors (CGM). [00:05:38] Article: The Rise of Nutritionism, by Kara Collier; Michael Pollan. [00:06:54] Book: Thinking, Fast and Slow, by Daniel Kahneman. [00:08:12] Chris Masterjohn. [00:10:07] Why measure blood glucose. [00:12:07] Freestyle Libre. [00:13:51] Podcast: Postprandial Fatigue: Is It Normal To Need A Nap After Lunch? with Megan Hall. [00:14:05] Glycocalyx: Podcasts with Malcolm Kendrick: Why Cholesterol Levels Have No Effect on Cardiovascular Disease (And Things to Think about Instead) and A Statin Nation: Damaging Millions in a Brave New Post-health World; Podcast with Ivor Cummins: Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC): A Direct Measure of Cardiovascular Disease Risk. [00:14:18] Micrograph images of glycocalyx after a high-carb meal. [00:15:39] Importance of peak glucose values (

Before it became so easy for us to stay up at night, cross time zones in a single afternoon, and eat at any time of the day, humans were inclined to live in accordance with natural light/dark cycles. It’s probably no accident that along with these lifestyle changes we’ve entered an era marked by chronic illness - the so-called mismatch diseases. Metabolic disorders are often attributed to eating too much or consuming the wrong kinds of food. But fascinating research from just the last several years suggests we’re also eating at the wrong time of the day. With me today on the podcast is writer, speaker, and researcher Greg Potter, PhD. to talk about chrononutrition - how the foods we eat and the times we eat them impact our inner clocks and metabolic health. Greg discusses how changing when you eat can have profound effects, including reduced blood glucose, insulin, and appetite, and even better outcomes with COVID-19. He breaks down specific macronutrients to eat, when to eat them, and in what order, to optimise the body’s inner timekeeper.  If you enjoy this podcast, be sure to read Greg’s articles on chrononutrition over at HumanOS: Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3. Here’s the outline of this interview with Greg Potter: [00:00:12] Metagenics Institute Podcast with Nathan Rose.  [00:03:24] Early time-restricted eating (eTRE). [00:04:18] A review of the circadian system. [00:06:41] Consuming food earlier in the day leads to lower postprandial glucose and insulin; Meta analysis: Leung, Gloria KW, et al. "Time of day difference in postprandial glucose and insulin responses: Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute postprandial studies." Chronobiology International 37.3 (2020): 311-326. [00:06:58] Time of day changes in immune function; Study: Abele, Sydney H., et al. "Focus: Clocks and Cycles: Time is on the Immune System’s Side, Yes it is." The Yale journal of biology and medicine 92.2 (2019): 225. [00:10:51] How changing food timing can affect your health. [00:12:34] TRE associated with better health outcomes; Study: Gill, Shubhroz, et al. "Time-restricted feeding attenuates age-related cardiac decline in Drosophila." Science 347.6227 (2015): 1265-1269. [00:13:15] Satchin Panda; Podcast: How to Use Time-Restricted Eating to Reverse Disease and Optimize Health. [00:13:23] High-fat diet leads to changes in circadian rhythm in mice; Study: Eckel-Mahan, Kristin L., et al. "Reprogramming of the circadian clock by nutritional challenge." Cell 155.7 (2013): 1464-1478. [00:16:03] Definitions - TRE vs IF (intermittent fasting). [00:17:00] Different types of fasting: Alternate Day Fasting, Modified ADF, 5:2 Diet, Modified 5:2, nutrient restriction. [00:18:30] Fasting Mimicking Diet. [00:21:27] Intermountain Risk Score and calculator; Changes in blood chemistry with fasting. [00:22:19] Time of day and macronutrient intake. [00:22:34] Eating earlier in the day beneficial for metabolic health; Study: Jakubowicz, Daniela, et al. "High caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women." Obesity 21.12 (2013): 2504-2512. [00:23:40] Three meals and a big breakfast better than 6 small meals; Study: Jakubowicz, Daniela, et al. "Reduction in glycated hemoglobin and daily insulin dose alongside circadian clock upregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes consuming a three-meal diet: a randomized clinical trial." Diabetes Care 42.12 (2019): 2171-2180. [00:25:34] Eat your carbs last; Study: Shukla, Alpana P., et al. "Food order has a significant impact on postprandial glucose and insulin levels." Diabetes care 38.7 (2015): e98-e99. [00:32:11] Possible genetic impact on circadian system; Study: Lopez-Minguez, Jesus, et al. "Circadian system heritability as assessed by wrist temperature: a twin study." Chronobiology international 32.1 (2015): 71-80. [00:38:59] Early TRE better but perceived as more difficult; Study: Parr, Evelyn B., et al. "A delayed morning and earlier evening time-restricted feeding protocol for improving glycemic control and dietary adherence in men with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial." Nutrients 12.2 (2020): 505. [00:41:53] Early TRE improves metabolic markers and reduces appetite; Study: Sutton, Elizabeth F., et al. "Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes." Cell metabolism 27.6 (2018): 1212-1221. [00:48:23] Diet timing and COVID-19 mortality; Study: Verd, Sergio, et al. "Early dinner or “dinner like a pauper”: Evidence, the habitual time of the largest meal of the day–dinner–is predisposing to severe COVID-19 outcome–death." Chronobiology International (2020): 1-5. [00:53:51] Chris Kelly’s approach to circadian timing. [00:57:14] How much protein to eat? 0.4g protein/Kg body mass of high-quality protein per dietary event. [00:57:46] Digestible indispensable amino acid score. [00:59:12] Podcast: Why You’re Probably Not Eating Enough Protein (How to Know for Sure), with Megan Hall. [00:59:53] Resilient Nutrition (website coming soon). [01:03:37] Resilient Nutrition on Instagram and Facebook.

Dr Brian Hare is a scientist and the New York Times bestselling author of The Genius of Dogs. He received his PhD from Harvard University and is now a Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology at Duke University. Brian founded the Hominoid Psychology Research Group while at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and subsequently founded the Duke Canine Cognition Center. His publications on dog cognition are among the most heavily cited papers on dog behaviour and intelligence. In this podcast, Brian talks about his new book, Survival of the Friendliest, which masterfully applies research on the psychology of dogs, chimps and bonobos to our understanding of human benevolence and cruelty. He explains why identifying with a group can result in hostility to others, and why species that find a way to cooperate tend to dominate. He also offers innovative solutions for reducing divisiveness and increasing cooperative behaviour in our contemporary society.  Here’s the outline of this interview with Brian Hare: [00:00:16] Book: The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think, by Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods. [00:00:48] Book: Survival of the Friendliest: Understanding Our Origins and Rediscovering Our Common Humanity, by Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods. [00:01:16] Shared intentionality. [00:05:18] Dognition assessment; online course. [00:07:29] Duke Canine Cognition Center publications. [00:13:45] Chimps and bonobos. [00:18:33] Analysis comparing chimps and bonobos on lethal aggression: Wilson, Michael L., et al. "Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts." Nature 513.7518 (2014): 414-417. [00:19:58] Friendliness pays huge dividends. [00:24:32] Sue Carter, PhD on oxytocin. [00:25:27] Sexual behavior of bonobo females helps form alliances; Article: Parish, Amy Randall. "Female relationships in bonobos (Pan paniscus)." Hu Nat 7.1 (1996): 61-96. [00:27:24] Book: The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution, by Richard Wrangham. [00:31:08] Jane Goodall; Documentary: Jane. [00:31:18] Claudine Andre; Documentary: Bonobos: Back to the Wild. [00:32:23] Louis Leakey funded Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Birutė Galdikas (The Trimates) to study hominids. [00:38:41] Books: The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man, by Charles Darwin. [00:39:45] Michael Tomasello, PhD. [00:47:14] Group identity. [00:53:47] Paul Bloom, PhD. [00:59:06] Increasing friendliness; Contact hypothesis. [00:59:41] Policy recommendations and innovations to increase friendliness. [01:06:40] Book: The Decline and Rise of Democracy: A Global History from Antiquity to Today, by David Stasavage. [01:09:17] Brian on Twitter. [01:09:52] Getting a dog: refer to the Humane Society website. [01:10:51] Hypoallergenic dogs have the same amount of dander; Study: Nicholas, Charlotte E., et al. "Dog allergen levels in homes with hypoallergenic compared with nonhypoallergenic dogs." American journal of rhinology & allergy 25.4 (2011): 252-256. [01:11:50] American Kennel Club.