Jeff Sebo, an Associate Professor at NYU and author of "The Moral Circle," shares his insights on moral considerations beyond humans. He discusses expanding our ethical framework to include nonhuman animals, insects, plants, and even AI systems. Sebo delves into the complexities of moral standing, consciousness, and the utilitarian trade-offs we grapple with in a multi-species world. He also highlights the urgent need for thoughtful policy-making around AI ethics and explores the burgeoning understanding of cognitive abilities in various life forms.

Rolf and Joe wrap up their 3-part series on dreaming with Finnish neuroscientist and philosopher Antti Revonsuo. Dr. Revonsuo is the originator of the Threat Simulation theory of dreams, which suggests that dreams are simulated worlds in which we may practice threatening situations. Topics include the history and methodology in dream research, how our brains create simulated worlds, the particular nature of the simulated dream world, and how this applies to waking consciousness. We base our discussion on three forthcoming papers:Revonsuo, A. (in press) Toward a Metaphysics of Consciousness: Science and the Fundamental Nature of Subjective Experience. To appear in The Scientific Study of Consciousness: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. (Springer Nature).Revonsuo, A. & Tuominen, J. (in press) The Concept of Dreaming as a World. To appear in Threshold Worlds (Oxford University Press).Revonsuo, A., Valli, K., & Tuominen, J. (in preparation) Evolutionary Simulation Theories of Dreaming.

In this engaging discussion, Dr. Pilleriin Sikka, a Stanford neuroscientist specializing in the therapeutic value of dreams under anesthesia, shares fascinating insights into consciousness and dreaming. She explores the intriguing ties between anesthetic-induced dreaming and PTSD treatment, uncovering how impactful dreams can help confront trauma. The conversation also dives into dream theories, revealing their evolutionary significance and emotional regulation roles, and highlights the generally euphoric nature of anesthesia-induced dreams, suggesting innovative therapeutic possibilities.

Why do we dream, and what is the meaning of our dreams? Rolf and Joe talk about several ideas about dreaming, including a new theory by David Eagleman called the "defensive activation theory", which proposes that dreams are like a screen saver to keep the visual parts of the brain from being overtaken by other senses.Eagleman, D. M., & Vaughn, D. A. (2020). The Defensive Activation theory: dreaming as a mechanism to prevent takeover of the visual cortex. bioRxiv, 2020-07.

Daniel Dennett, who passed away on April 19th at the age of 82, was one of the great philosophers of our time. Rolf and Joe discuss his ideas and his influence on the field of philosophy, including (especially) bringing consciousness back as a topic of serious study with his book "Consciousness Explained", as well as his work on free will, evolution, religion, and constructing a convincing argument.

What can neuroscience teach us about AI, and vice versa, what can AI teach us about our own intelligence?Joe and Rolf talk to returning guest Daniel Sternberg about advances in AI over the past year. Topics include using the methods of cognitive psychology to understand AI; representation in artificial intelligence; what current large language models  (LLMs) are good at and not good at; sentience in AI; the future of humanity; and other important stuff.Natural and Artificial Intelligence: A brief introduction to the interplay between AI and neuroscience research (Macpherson, et al., 2021)Can AI language models replace human participants? (Dillion, et al., 2023)Language models show human-like content effects on reasoning (Dasgupta et al., 2022)

This episode is dedicated to the memory of colleague and friend Grace Baron.Joe and Rolf talk to Dr. Matthew Goodwin, a professor at Northeastern University whose research focus is on autism. His most recent paper used biosensing (heart rate, skin conductance, etc.) to predict aggressive behavior in profound autistic individuals up to three minutes before the event. 

Joe and Rolf discuss the ideas of perceptual psychologist Donald Hoffman, who has argued that our perceptual systems have no access to reality, since evolution is driven by fitness functions, not objective truth. He has also argued that our perception is a user interface (like a desktop on a computer, or a VR headset), and that objects such as the moon don't exist when we are not apprehending them.  Hoffman, Donald. The case against reality: Why evolution hid the truth from our eyes. WW Norton & Company, 2019.Bagwell, J. N. (2023). Debunking interface theory: why Hoffman’s skepticism (really) is self-defeating. Synthese, 201(1), 25.

Neil Markey, CEO of Beckley Retreats, discusses his military background, meditation, and the future of psychedelics. Topics covered include preparing for guided retreats, integrating experiences, and enhancing quality of life. They also explore the significance of nature and music in psychedelic journeys, as well as the flaws of the Western medical system.

We discuss the recent controversy about Integrated Information Theory (IIT), a theory about the neural correlates of consciousness, with Felipe De Brigard, a philosophy and psychology professor at Duke University who signed a letter describing the theory as pseudoscience. The letter: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/zsr78/ The adversarial collaboration: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268577 Description of IIT: https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011465