If you ask a chatbot how to cause a pandemic, it will suggest the 1918 influenza virus, according to researcher Kevin Esvelt. It will even tell you where to find the gene sequences online and where to purchase the genetic components.Esvelt is a biologist and MIT professor whose work has included altering the genes of mice to prevent the spread of Lyme disease. In a recent First Opinion essay, he wrote about how easy and inexpensive it has become to order genetic components that could be used to create harmful pathogens or toxins and how the biotech industry and government agencies must strengthen safety precautions to prevent this.Esvelt sat down with host Pat Skerrett to chat about the amazing things genetic technology can accomplish when used correctly, as well as the dangers of such technology in the hands of someone with bad intentions. 

University of Pennsylvania oncologist and researcher Ezekiel Emanuel and Matthew Guido, a project manager in the Healthcare Transformation Institute, discuss their original research on tuition-free programs with former host Pat Skerrett, who is filling in while Torie Bosch is on maternity leave. They make the case that medical school debt is only one of many factors that influence new doctors to choose less-popular specialties and geographic locations for their residencies. 

James Sulzer has spent his life tinkering with tools that help patients with neurological conditions. But after his 4-year-old daughter sustained a traumatic brain injury in 2020, his eyes were opened to how much his field was missing about the real experiences of families dealing with recovery. This week, Sulzer speaks with host Torie Bosch about the importance of centering patients in research and treatment.

Back in February, physician and advocate Joel Zivot wrote a First Opinion essay shortly after Kenneth Smith was executed using nitrogen gas in Alabama. In “A new Louisiana capital-punishment bill would fundamentally alter physician licensing,” Zivot argues against proposed bills in both Kansas and Louisiana that would allow “death by hypoxia.” Not only is this type of death cruel and painful, he argues, but such a bill would “effectively wrest control of physician conduct from medical boards.” Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry signed the bill into law in early March.In this episode, Zivot speaks with host Torie Bosch about what it means for death to be cruel, why he believes the state has no business using medicine to kill.

De-Shaine Murray is working at the cutting edge of neurotechnology. As a postdoctoral fellow at Yale, he is developing a device to monitor the brain following traumatic brain injury or stroke. He is also trying to fight the long legacy of racism in neuroscience. He sees a direct line from racist pseudoscience like phrenology to disparities in neuroscience today, like how the texture of Black people’s hair can sometimes exclude them from clinical trials because electrodes are not designed for them. In 2021, he co-founded Black in Neuro, an organization dedicated to improving Black representation in neuroscience. This week, Torie spoke to him about how the past and present racism in neuroscience could be reflected in the future, especially as neurotechnology like brain implants become more common.

Mathematics professor and author Manil Suri and physician and professor Daniel Morgan discuss false positives in diagnostic tests, the impact of rarity on accuracy, prenatal testing for rare diseases, and the lack of statistical education in medical schools.

Before he joined Congress, Rep. Raul Ruiz, a Democrat from California, worked in another chaotic environment: the emergency department. Today, he says, he tries to bring his background in medicine and public health to policymaking. In particular, he has turned his attention to a shortage of infectious disease physicians that threatens U.S. preparedness for the next pandemic. Our conversation was based on his recent First Opinion essay, “The infectious disease doctor shortage threatens future pandemic preparedness.”Don’t forget to sign up for the First Opinion newsletter to read each week’s best First Opinion essays.

When Prozac first entered the psychiatry scene in in the late 80s, the profession was still Freud's territory. Meaning: it was considered by many a failure to take medication to cure depression. But that was all about to change, with early stewards like psychiatrist Peter Kramer, who refused to shy away from the new drug's potential. These days, he says that people take for granted all of the progress that's been made with antidepressant treatment. Kramer joins Torie to discuss how the country's relationship with antidepressants has changed since the publication of his book "Listening to Prozac." The conversation is based on his First Opinion, "What antidepressants are saying 30 years after the publication of ‘Listening to Prozac.'" Be sure to sign up for the First Opinion newsletter to read each week's best First Opinion essays.

Fifteen years ago, Mara Buchbinder and colleagues came up with the concept of the “patient in waiting.” The concept described a new category of patients created by cutting-edge testing for conditions that may never appear. The patient in waiting was, quite literally, someone who was waiting to see if they would become ill.Mara's husband, Jesse Summers, was diagnosed with metastatic colon cancer in 2021. It went into remission — but earlier this year, a test searching for disease recurrence came back weakly positive, suggesting that the cancer might be back but might not be. It put Jesse and Mara into a sort of limbo as they waited to see what the result meant.

This week, medical student Amelia Mercado and her professor J. Wesley Boyd talk about the stressors of medical training, privacy concerns within academic institutions, and how high insurance costs affect access to mental health care.The conversation is based on their co-authored First Opinion, "How medical schools are failing students who need mental health care."