Exploring cultural differences in emotional expression, discussing the complexities of emotions across cultures. Cross-cultural study on universal emotions through facial expressions, revealing similarities in emotion recognition. Cultural variations in emotional expression highlighted in regions like Swabia, the Middle East, Mexico, and Japan. The complexity of emotions across cultures challenged by experts like Paul Ekman and Lisa Feldman Barrett. Exploring how cultural backgrounds influence emotional expression and regulation, emphasizing the impact of collectivistic societies. Delving into the intricate nature of emotions, questioning standardized facial expressions and suggesting emotional resources.

Exploring the complexity of cultural identities beyond stereotypes, delving into the intricacy of understanding foreign cultures, discussing how culture shapes our cognitive systems, comparing cultural patterns to emergent phenomena, critiquing simplistic approaches to cultural understanding, and embracing complexity for a deeper understanding of cultural differences.

Joseph Shaules and Yvonne van der Pol explore why it can be so hard to talk about culture and measure cultural difference. They discuss three ways of looking at culture . . . as being, doing, and seeing. They discuss “classic” research into cultural difference (e.g. Hofstede) and argue that brain-mind sciences are shedding new light on cultural difference and can help us make better sense of our intercultural experiences.