Ida B. Wells, her tireless crusade against lynching, and her analysis of the underlying purpose of racial violence.

Anna Julia Cooper’s "A Voice from the South", an unprecedented contribution to black feminist theory. 

Abolitionists Luiz Gama and Joaquim Nabuco, and the great novelist Machado de Assis, react to the injustices of slaveholding in Brazil.

John Jacob Thomas argues for self-government in the English colonies of the Caribbean but his fellow Trinidadian Frederick Alexander Durham recommends repatriation to Africa instead.

Haitian anthropologist Anténor Firmin debunks racist pseudo-science and argues that inequalities among humans are caused by social, not biological, factors.

T. Thomas Fortune uses newspaper editorials to put forth a theory of civil rights and set out a plan of political action for protecting them.

Edward Blyden gains appreciation for Islam in West Africa and gradually moves from political nationalism to cultural nationalism.

Africanus Horton looks toward a future of self-government for West Africa beyond slavery and colonialism.

Wilson Moses speaks to us about his research into early black notionalism, as represented by Crummell, Douglass, and others.

Alexander Crummell moves from pan-Africanism to reform of African American culture, identifying progressive “civilization” as a means of liberation.