The Dissenter

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Part 2 of the conversation with Dr. Robin Hanson: Hidden motives in Advertising, Charity, Education, and Medicine. Time Links: 00:00 The social aspects of advertising 06:10 Art and conspicuous signaling 12:20 Charity, waste, and effective altruism 20:55 The social value of education 30:45 Thought experiment on a society of inconspicuous consumption 33:43 Conspicuous effort and waste in medicine 43:48 Reactions to the book -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE! I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018: https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo And check out my playlists on: PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g 

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter SubscribeStar: https://www.subscribestar.com/the-dissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter PayPal Subscription 1 Dollar: https://tinyurl.com/yb3acuuy PayPal Subscription 3 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ybn6bg9l PayPal Subscription 5 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ycmr9gpz PayPal Subscription 10 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y9r3fc9m PayPal Subscription 20 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y95uvkao ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. Sarah Brosnan is a Professor in the departments of psychology and philosophy and the Neuroscience Institute at Georgia State University. She is also a member of the Brains & Behavior program and the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience. She directs the Comparative Economics and Behavioral Studies Laboratory (CEBUS Lab) and does research with nonhuman primates at both the Language Research Center of Georgia State University and the Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research of the University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center. She studies the mechanisms underlying cooperation, reciprocity, inequity, and other economic decisions in nonhuman primates from an evolutionary perspective. She looks at the decisions individuals make and how they make them, how their social or ecological environments affect their decisions and interactions, and under what circumstances they can alter their behaviors depending on these conditions. In this episode, we talk about biology, comparative psychology, and moral behavior. First, Dr. Brosnan tells us about the primates that she studies the most and the sorts of behaviors she’s most interested in. Then, we discuss how to properly do comparative psychology, and compare the behavior of humans to other species, particularly primates. We also talk about what is morality from a biological perspective and its functions. And very important to understand morality are the processes of kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and the contentious topic of group selection. After that, we talk about some specific moral behaviors, like inequity aversion and the sense of fairness, and the endowment effect and the sense of property, in nonhuman primates.  Time Links: 00:55 The primates Dr. Brosnan studies, and the types of behavior she’s most interested in 02:00 Morality and moral behavior            04:40 How to properly do comparative psychology     06:27 What is necessary to have moral behavior?         10:29 The functions of morality        12:13 On group selection          14:00 Reciprocal altruism      17:28 Inequity aversion and sense of fairness in primates    23:56 The evolutionary relevance of emotions  25:44 Philogeny and ontogeny, evolution and development  29:41 Economics games to study animal behavior 31:52 The endowment effect and a sense of property 40:13 Comparing humans to other primates in their cognition and morality 42:57 Should chimps make economic decisions for us? 44:10 Follow Dr. Brosnan’s work!    -- Follow Dr.

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. Robin Hanson is an Associate Professor of Economics at George Mason University and a research associate at the Future of Humanity Institute of Oxford University. He’s also the author of books like The Age of Em, and The Elephant in the Brain. In this episode, the conversation centers around the book The Elephant in the Brain. We talk about subconscious motivations; selfishness and prosociality; rationalizations; strong and weak social norms; personality variability and hidden motivations; conspicuous consumption; prestige status; bragging and self-esteem; costly signaling; self-deception; the social role of laughter; the limits of comedy; the social importance of gossip; the prosociality of nepotism; the social aspects of advertising; art and conspicuous signaling; charity, waste, and effective altruism; the social value of education; conspicuous effort and waste in medicine; the narrative of the self; enlightened self-interest; being humble; individual vs collective change; niche communities; capitalism and social progress; and related topics. Time Links: 00:36 The elephant in the brain 02:30 Evolutionary perspectives on hidden motives 04:43 The Dissenter strikes back on disagreeable ends 08:04 Rationalizations 10:02 Selfishness and prosociality 12:49 We can get away with violating weak norms 14:11 Bragging about positive motivations 17:58 Adding personality variability to the picture 21:05 Conspicuous consumption 23:25 Signaling positive personality traits through material means 25:08 Prestige status 27:21 – Bragging and self-esteem 30:00 The drawbacks of costly signaling 31:25 Self-deception 33:22 The interpreter module 34:53 Norms as rationalizations 36:11 The social role of laughter 44:20 The limits of comedy 50:45 The social importance of gossip 55:26 The prosociality of nepotism 57:08  The social aspects of advertising 1:03:18 Art and conspicuous signaling 1:09:28 Charity, waste, and effective altruism 1:18:03 The social value of education 1:27:53 Thought experiment on a society of inconspicuous consumption 1:30:51 Conspicuous effort and waste in medicine 1:40:56 Reactions to the book 1:46:25 The narrative of the self 1:49:44 Enlightened self-interest 1:52:41 Being humble 1:57:56 Balance between subconscious drives and exerting control over them 2:04:27 Individual vs collective change 2:16:57 Niche communities 2:21:43 Modern life and personal identity 2:26:10 Capitalism and social progress 2:31:10 Where can you follow Dr. Hanson’s work?   -- O Dr. Robin Hanson é um Professor Associado de Economia da George Mason University e um investigador associado do Future of Humanity Institute da Universidade de Oxford. É também o autor de livros como The Age of Em, e The Elephant in the Brain. Neste episódio, a conversa é centrada no livro The Elephant in the Brain. Falamos sobre motivações subconscientes; egoísmo e prossocialidade; racionalizações; normas sociais fortes e fracas; variabilidade de personalidade e motivações escondidas; consumo conspícuo; status de prestígio; relação entre gabarolice e autoestima; sinalização dispendiosa; autodeceção; o papel social do riso; os limites da comédia; a importância social da fofoquice; a prossocialidade do nepotismo; os aspetos sociais da publicidade; arte e sinalizaç

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter SubscribeStar: https://www.subscribestar.com/the-dissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter PayPal Subscription 1 Dollar: https://tinyurl.com/yb3acuuy PayPal Subscription 3 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ybn6bg9l PayPal Subscription 5 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ycmr9gpz PayPal Subscription 10 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y9r3fc9m PayPal Subscription 20 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y95uvkao ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. Philip Goff is a philosopher and consciousness researcher at Durham University, UK. His main research focus is trying to explain how the brain produces consciousness. He thinks we need to radically rethink our understanding of matter in order to explain consciousness, in something like the way Einstein radically rethought the nature of space and time. Dr. Goff also has a sideline in political philosophy, focusing on issues pertaining to taxation, globalization and social justice. He’s also the author of the book Consciousness and Fundamental Reality. In this episode, we talk about consciousness, materialism and the nature of reality. We start off by discussing the philosophy of materialism and its limitations when it comes to account for phenomena like consciousness. We also talk about illusionism as a theory of consciousness, and the difficulties in trying to understand consciousness from an objectivist perspective, and the inherent limitations that our theory of mind has. Then, Dr. Goff explains his approach to consciousness, and what he thinks is the best way to know its nature, based on Russellian monism and panpsychism.  Time Links: 00:53 The philosophy of materialism, and what might be some of its limitations 08:51 Causal relationships vs. the nature of the Universe            11:47 Mind-brain dualism     14:08 Phenomenal consciousness, and the hard problem          15:27 On Illusionism        19:36 Does it matter if our intuitions about the mind are wrong?          21:50 Dr. Goff’s approach to consciousness, and Russellian monism      25:58 About panpsychism   28:41 How would we know what consciousness is?  33:31 Individual variation of conscious experience, and issues about subjectivism  49:18 Consciousness, the external world, and our cognitive/epistemological limitations  52:54 Follow Dr. Goff’s work!    -- Follow Dr. Crawford’s work: Faculty page: https://tinyurl.com/y54hnlcf Personal Website: https://tinyurl.com/yyfc6lkm Conscious and Consciousness Blog: https://tinyurl.com/y5hujegs Consciousness and Fundamental Reality Book: https://tinyurl.com/y48f5y5r Twitter handle: @Philip_Goff Some relevant links: Russellian monism: https://tinyurl.com/y6qsb989 / https://tinyur

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Mr. Johan Norberg is an author and historian from Sweden. He’s been a senior fellow at the Cato Institute since 2007, and the executive director at Free To Choose Media since 2017. He is the author of books like In Defense of Global Capitalism (2001) and Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future (2016).  In this episode, we talk about some of Mr. Norberg’s personal story, as he moved from being a left-anarchist to a classical liberal capitalist; capitalism from a historical perspective, and a comparison with feudalism; how material wealth and economic growth set the bases for human progress and flourishing; the varieties of capitalism, and the Swedish model; the problem with state-guided capitalism, interventionism and protectionism; the problem with the term “trickle-down economics”; economic inequality; and the Cato Institute. -- O Sr. Johan Norberg é um autor e historiador sueco. É um membro sénior do Cato Institute desde 2007, e o diretor executivo da Free to Choose Media desde 2017. É autor de livros como In Defense of Global Capitalism (2001) e Progresso: Dez razões para ter esperança no futuro. Neste episódio, falamos sobre parte da história pessoal do Sr. Norberg, e como passou de um anarquista de esquerda a um liberal clássico capitalista; capitalismo de uma perspetiva histórica, e uma comparação com o feudalismo; como a riqueza material e o crescimento económico deram as bases ao progresso e desenvolvimento humano; as variedades do capitalismo, e o modelo sueco; o problema com o capitalismo de Estado, o intervencionismo, e o protecionismo; o problema por detrás do termo “trickle-down economics”; desigualdade económica; e o Cato Institute. -- Follow Mr. Norberg’s work: Personal Website: http://www.johannorberg.net/ Twitter handle: @johanknorberg His books: https://www.amazon.com/Johan-Norberg/e/B001KCORWY Livro “Progresso”: https://www.wook.pt/livro/progresso-johan-norberg/19094935 And check out other related interviews: Fernand Drumond (Gapminder): https://youtu.be/Pqoil02RlOU Olof Gränström (Gapminder): https://youtu.be/3y-KOM2YiVY -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE! I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018: https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo And check out my playlists on: PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g 

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. Eric Turkheimer is the Hugh Scott Hamilton Professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, US. In this episode, we talk about some concepts coming from Behavior Genetics; the four laws of Behavior Genetics; gene-environment correlations (active, passive, and reactive); gene-environment interactions; and genetics and environment in the study of IQ. -- O Dr. Eric Turkheimer é o Hugh Scott Hamilton Professor de psicologia da Universidade da Virgínia, EUA. Neste episódio, falamos sobre conceitos da Genética Comportamental; as quatro leis da Genética Comportamental; correlações genes-ambiente (ativa, passiva, e reativa); interações genes-ambiente; e genética e ambiente no estudo do QI. -- Follow Dr. Turkheimer’s work: Faculty page: https://psychology.as.virginia.edu/turkheimer Twitter handle:  @ent3c And check out other related interviews: Dr. Matt McGue (Behavior Genetics): https://youtu.be/Wl_w9DJ1R88 Dr. James Flynn (IQ and Intelligence): https://youtu.be/FwhEktBbGmQ -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE! I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018: https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo And check out my playlists on: PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g 

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter SubscribeStar: https://www.subscribestar.com/the-dissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter PayPal Subscription 1 Dollar: https://tinyurl.com/yb3acuuy PayPal Subscription 3 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ybn6bg9l PayPal Subscription 5 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/ycmr9gpz PayPal Subscription 10 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y9r3fc9m PayPal Subscription 20 Dollars: https://tinyurl.com/y95uvkao ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. Ian Gilligan is Honorary Associate Professor in the Department of Archaeology of the University of Sydney. He graduated in psychology (UNSW) and medicine (Sydney University) before studying prehistoric archaeology (Sydney University) and biological anthropology (PhD ANU). He specializes in the origin of clothing and the role of textiles in the transition to agriculture. He also has an interest in traditional clothing in Aboriginal Australia, particularly in Tasmania during the last ice age. In addition, he explores the wider psychological and philosophical aspects of wearing clothes. He’s also the author of the recent book Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects (2018). In this episode, we talk about the evolution of clothing and the adoption of agriculture in human societies. First, we talk about hypotheses as to how our naked skin might have evolved, and when in our evolutionary history we started wearing clothes and the environmental factors that favored its development. We also briefly refer to the limitations in terms of the information we can derive from studies on modern hunter-gatherers, if we’re trying to learn more about how our species evolved and how people behaved back in the Pleistocene. We go through the differences between simples and complex clothing (the latter includes textile clothing), and also between clothing based on animal skin and fur and clothing based on textiles. Then, we discuss the ways by which clothing might have played a causal role in the adoption of agriculture and making it the center of our economy, the problems that early agricultural societies went through, and also why we domesticated animals. We finish off by talking about the psychological and social aspects of clothing, including decoration. Time Links: 00:56 The evolution of our naked skin 07:56 When did we start wearing clothes?           10:47 Artifacts archaeologists search for when studying clothing     15:09 The environmental factors that favor the development of clothing         17:22 Studying modern hunter-gatherers       24:52 We decorated our skin before we had clothing          28:37 Simple, complex and textile clothing      32:20 The differences between clothing based on animal skin and fur and clothing based on textiles   33:44 The relationship between clothing and agriculture  38:12 Agriculture before societies that put agriculture at the center of their food economy  42:37 The problems the agricultural societies have to deal with  48:20 The reasons why we domesticated

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. James Flynn is a world-renowned intelligence researcher, an Emeritus Professor of Political Studies at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. He’s the author of several books, including What Is Intelligence: Beyond the Flynn Effect, Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century, and Intelligence and Human Progress: The Story of What was Hidden in our Genes. In this episode, we talk about the scientific definitions of intelligence and IQ; IQ tests and their limitations; the Wechsler tests, and their subtests; fluid and crystallized intelligence; the limitations and prediction power of IQ tests; types of intelligence; the Flynn effect; comparing IQ of different social groups; and the relationship between science and religion and IQ. -- O Dr. James Flynn é um investigador da inteligência mundialmente reconhecido, um Professor Emérito de Estudos Políticos da Universidade de Otago, em Dunedin, Nova Zelândia. É também o autor de diversos livros, incluindo O que é a inteligência? Além do efeito Flynn, Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century, e Intelligence and Human Progress: The Story of What was Hidden in our Genes. Neste episódio, falamos sobre as definições científicas de inteligência e QI; testes de QI e as suas limitações; os testes Wechsler, e os seus sub-testes; inteligência fluida e cristalizada; as limitações e o poder de predição dos testes de QI; tipos de inteligência; o efeito Flynn; comparações do QI entre diferentes grupos sociais; e a relação entre ciência e religião e o QI. -- Follow Dr. Flynn’s work: Faculty page: https://www.otago.ac.nz/psychology/staff/jamesflynn.html His books:  https://www.amazon.com/Books-James-R-Flynn/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3AJames%20R.%20Flynn -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE! I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018: https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo And check out my playlists on: PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. Nancy Segal is Professor of Developmental Psychology and Director of the Twin Studies Center, at California State University, Fullerton. She’s been the recipient of many awards and distinctions. She served as Assistant Director of the Minnesota Center for Twin and Adoption Research, in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota, from 1985 to 1991. She’s also the author of many books, including Entwined Lives, Indivisible by Two, Someone Else's Twin, Born Together-Reared Apart, and, the latest one, Accidental Brothers: The Story of Twins Exchanged at Birth and the Power of Nature and Nurture. The central theme of this episode is Dr. Segal’s latest book, Accidental Brothers. We start the conversation with some personal questions, about what it was for Dr. Segal to live as and have a relationship with her fraternal twin, and also what she deemed to be the most interesting findings coming from the MISTRA (Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart). Subsequent topics include: studies with identical, fraternal and virtual twins, and triplets, and what they teach us about human nature; how people express themselves more fully as they get independent from their family; the nature vs nurture dichotomy, and also nurture via nature and nature via nurture approaches; the role of chance in people’s lives; epigenetics and the prenatal environment; how behavioral genetics might inform parenting practices; and related subjects.  Time Links: 01:08 Growing up as a fraternal twin 04:12 Findings from the MISTRA  08:50 The Colombian virtual twins  12:33 When twins reunite  14:37 What happens when people get independent from their family  17:11 Passive gene-environment correlations  18:46 Nature vs nurture  21:03 Does genetics set upper limits to our potential?  23:33 Have twins studies a WEIRD effect?  25:22 The role of chance in children’s development 27:21 Twin studies and parental uncertainty 29:29 Studies with triplets 30:55 Epigenetics 33:38 Prenatal environment 34:36 Diversity in human societies 40:11 Nurture via nature 41:07 Behavioral genetics and parenting practices 46:23 Follow Dr. Segal’s work -- Follow Dr. Segal’s work: Faculty page: http://psych.fullerton.edu/nsegal/ Personal website: http://drnancysegaltwins.org/ Twitter handle: @nlsegal -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE! I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018: https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo And check out my playlists on: PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g 

------------------Support the channel------------ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedissenter PayPal: paypal.me/thedissenter ------------------Follow me on--------------------- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thedissenteryt/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheDissenterYT Dr. Robert Boyd has a Ph.D. in Ecology, by the University of California-Davis. He is Professor of the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (SHESC) at Arizona State University (ASU). He’s also the author of several books including How Humans Evolved, Culture and the Evolutionary Process, and Not By Genes Alone. In this episode, we talk about dual inheritance theory; how climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene accentuated the importance of culture in human evolution; cultural adaptations and maladaptations; the role of imitation, learning, guided variation, and biased transmission in cultural evolution; the prestige bias, and the frequency-dependent bias; and group selection in cultural and genetic evolution. -- O Dr. Robert Boyd é doutorado em Ecologia, pela Universidade da Califórnia-Davis. É professor da Escola de Evolução Humana e Mudança Social (SHESC) da Arizona State University (ASU). É também o autor de vários livros, incluindo How Humans Evolved, Culture and the Evolutionary Process, e Not By Genes Alone. Neste episódio, falamos sobre a dual inheritance theory; o papel que as flutuações climáticas durante o Pleistoceno tiveram na acentuação da importância da cultura na evolução humana; adaptações e más adaptações culturais; o papel da imitação, da aprendizagem, da variação guiada, e da transmissão enviesada na evolução cultural; o viés do prestígio, e o viés dependente da frequência; e seleção de grupo na evolução cultural e genética. -- Follow Dr. Boyd’s work: Faculty page: https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/1952328 His books:  https://www.amazon.com/Robert-Boyd-PhD/e/B001IQWOF4 -- A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS: KARIN LIETZCKE, ANN BLANCHETTE, JUNOS, SCIMED, PER HELGE HAAKSTD LARSEN, LAU GUERREIRO, RUI BELEZA, MIGUEL ESTRADA, ANTÓNIO CUNHA, CHANTEL GELINAS, JIM FRANK, JERRY MULLER, FRANCIS FORD, AND HANS FREDRIK SUNDE! I also leave you with the link to a recent montage video I did with the interviews I have released until the end of June 2018: https://youtu.be/efdb18WdZUo And check out my playlists on: PSYCHOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/ybalf8km PHILOSOPHY: https://tinyurl.com/yb6a7d3p ANTHROPOLOGY: https://tinyurl.com/y8b42r7g