Cromwell invades Scotland and it goes badly. Until it doesn't.For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Philip Baker, 'The Regicide', in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Stuart Reid, Crown, Covenant, and Cromwell: The Civil Wars in Scotland, 1639-1651. Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51. Edward Cowan, Montrose: For Covenant and King. This podcast is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The young Charles II tries to win international support. Montrose is unleashed on Scotland.For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Philip Baker, 'The Regicide', in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Stuart Reid, Crown, Covenant, and Cromwell: The Civil Wars in Scotland, 1639-1651. Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51. Edward Cowan, Montrose: For Covenant and King. This podcast is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Ormond's coalition collapses, as Henry Ireton takes over from Cromwell.Check out the podcast website or join the mailing list!Check out Pax Britannica Merch!Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | DonateFor this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland Elaine Murphy, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Jason Peacey, John Morril, eds. The Letters, Writings, and Speeches of Oliver Crmwell: Volume II, 2022. Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Micheál Ó Siochrú, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Micheál Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Pádraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 Pádraig Lenihan, 'Siege Massacres in Ireland: Drogheda in Context', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Wheeler, James Scott, 'Ormond and Cromwell: The Struggle for Ireland', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Martyn Bennett, ‘God’s Wall of Brass: Cromwell’s Generals in Ireland, 1649-1650’ in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Derek Hirst, ‘Security and Reform in England’s Other Nations, 1649-1658’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The final attempt at compromise with Charles I was a secret mission by the earl of Denbigh, but the king famously denied it. Or did he? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Cromwell's campaign in Ireland comes to an end, with a high cost for the New Model Army at Clonmel.Check out the podcast website or join the mailing list!Check out Pax Britannica Merch!Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | DonateFor this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland Elaine Murphy, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Jason Peacey, John Morril, eds. The Letters, Writings, and Speeches of Oliver Crmwell: Volume II, 2022. Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Micheál Ó Siochrú, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Micheál Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Pádraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 Pádraig Lenihan, 'Siege Massacres in Ireland: Drogheda in Context', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Wheeler, James Scott, 'Ormond and Cromwell: The Struggle for Ireland', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Martyn Bennett, ‘God’s Wall of Brass: Cromwell’s Generals in Ireland, 1649-1650’ in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Derek Hirst, ‘Security and Reform in England’s Other Nations, 1649-1658’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After sacking Drogheda and securing the path into Ulster, Cromwell marches south towards the port town of Wexford. History doesn't repeat, but it does rhyme.Check out the podcast website or join the mailing list!Check out Pax Britannica Merch!Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | DonateFor this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland Elaine Murphy, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Jason Peacey, John Morril, eds. The Letters, Writings, and Speeches of Oliver Crmwell: Volume II, 2022. Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Micheál Ó Siochrú, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Micheál Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Pádraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 Pádraig Lenihan, 'Siege Massacres in Ireland: Drogheda in Context', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Wheeler, James Scott, 'Ormond and Cromwell: The Struggle for Ireland', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Martyn Bennett, ‘God’s Wall of Brass: Cromwell’s Generals in Ireland, 1649-1650’ in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Derek Hirst, ‘Security and Reform in England’s Other Nations, 1649-1658’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

With the way cleared by the Battle of Rathmines, Oliver Cromwell marches on Drogheda. The Royalist Governor Arthur Aston refuses to surrender, and Cromwell's guns break the walls. The New Model Army floods inside, and Cromwell forbids any mercy.Check out the podcast website or join the mailing list!Check out Pax Britannica Merch!Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | DonateFor this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men Elaine Murphy, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Jason Peacey, John Morril, eds. The Letters, Writings, and Speeches of Oliver Crmwell: Volume II, 2022. David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Micheál Ó Siochrú, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Micheál Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Pádraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 Pádraig Lenihan, 'Siege Massacres in Ireland: Drogheda in Context', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Wheeler, James Scott, 'Ormond and Cromwell: The Struggle for Ireland', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Martyn Bennett, ‘God’s Wall of Brass: Cromwell’s Generals in Ireland, 1649-1650’ in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Derek Hirst, ‘Security and Reform in England’s Other Nations, 1649-1658’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The newly-forged coalition of Irish Royalists, built from every faction of the Irish war, braces for the English invasion. By the summer of 1649, the island of Ireland is under their control, with the exceptions of Derry and Dublin. Major General Michael Jones defends the capital as the Marquis of Ormond moves to take it.Check out the podcast website or join the mailing list!Check out Pax Britannica Merch!Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | DonateFor this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Micheál Ó Siochrú, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Micheál Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Pádraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 Wheeler, James Scott, 'Ormond and Cromwell: The Struggle for Ireland', in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Martyn Bennett, ‘God’s Wall of Brass: Cromwell’s Generals in Ireland, 1649-1650’ in Martyn Bennett, Raymond Gillespie, and Scott Spurlock (eds), Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives Derek Hirst, ‘Security and Reform in England’s Other Nations, 1649-1658’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The new Council of State, and the Rump Parliament, cling to power after killing the king. The Levellers attempt the bring the government to its knees. J. C. Davis, Oliver Cromwell, in in Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Philip Baker, 'The Regicide', in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Geoffrey Robertson, The Tyrannicide Brief: The Story of the Man who sent Charles I to the Scaffold. Healey, J. The Blazing World. MacInnes, A., The British Revolution, 1629-60. Charles Spencer, Killers of the King. Michael J. Braddick, 'War and Politics in England and Wales, 1642-1646', in Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael J. Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars: 1640-1660 Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Stuart Reid, Crown, Covenant, and Cromwell: The Civil Wars in Scotland, 1639-1651. Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Lenihan, Pádraig, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 This podcast is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Charles I has been executed, and the English Parliament establish a new, kingless, government. The reaction to the Regicide sweeps across Europe and the fledgling English empire.For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Philip Baker, 'The Regicide', in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Geoffrey Robertson, The Tyrannicide Brief: The Story of the Man who sent Charles I to the Scaffold. Healey, J. The Blazing World. MacInnes, A., The British Revolution, 1629-60. Charles Spencer, Killers of the King. Michael J. Braddick, 'War and Politics in England and Wales, 1642-1646', in Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael J. Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars: 1640-1660 Ian Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Stuart Reid, Crown, Covenant, and Cromwell: The Civil Wars in Scotland, 1639-1651. Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Lenihan, Pádraig, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 This podcast is part of the Airwave Media podcast network. Contact advertising@airwavemedia.com to inquire about advertising on this podcast. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices