40 years ago a hole was discovered in the ozone layer. It provoked an international effort to ban the chemicals that were destroying our protection from the sun. Tom Heap and Helen Czerski are joined by Jonathan Shanklin, one of the team that realised that CFC chemicals used in aerosol cans and refrigerants were helping to create a 20 million square kilometre hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica. Also on the panel they speak to Alice Bell, author of ‘Our Biggest Experiment: a history of the climate crisis’ and head of policy, climate and health at Wellcome, and Bristol University's Professor Matt Rigby who helps monitor how well countries are sticking to their promises on protecting the ozone layer.They discuss the unparalleled international unity that swiftly banned the worst of the ozone-destroying chemicals, and ask why we can't come up with a similar solution for manmade climate change. Tom will be delving into the black market in refrigerants and meeting the South American detectives dedicated to hunting down the chemicals that still threaten the ozone layer and come with an enormous cost to the climate.Featuring contributions from:Jonathan Shanklin - Emeritus Fellow, British Antarctic SurveyMatthew Rigby - Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry, University of BristolAlice Bell - Head of Policy: Climate and Health, WellcomeProducer: Beth Sagar-Fenton Assistant Producer: Toby FieldRare Earth is produced in collaboration with the Open University

Travel writer Adam Weymouth and Professor Erica Fudge discuss the incredible comeback of wolves in Europe. Adam shares insights on the journey of a pioneering wolf named Slavc, while Erica explores the historical myths surrounding wolves, including the roots of werewolf tales. They delve into cultural perceptions, the interplay between conservation and farming, and the complexities of human-wolf relationships. Their conversation uncovers both the ecological benefits of wolves and the challenges posed to rural communities, calling for a deeper understanding of these majestic creatures.

Eleanor Barraclough, historian and author, shares insights on the Viking Age's adaptation to Arctic climate changes. Duncan Depledge discusses the geopolitical race for Arctic resources, highlighting interests from the US, Russia, and China. Elder Olufsen, CEO of a mining company in Greenland, weighs in on balancing exploitation with indigenous rights. The discussion intertwines past Norse settlements with today's challenges, stressing the urgency of understanding the effects of climate change on both history and modern geopolitics.

Caroline Lucas, a former Green MP renowned for her environmental advocacy, joins James Murray, editor-in-chief of Business Green, and comedian Stuart Goldsmith, who brings humor to climate discussions. They explore the UK's energy transition, discussing how renewable energy is set to surpass fossil fuels. The conversation dives into climate legislation's impact, the moral responsibility of nations, and the critical link between economic growth and sustainability. With a touch of humor, they share festive sustainable wishes, emphasizing the importance of connections with nature and community in driving climate action.

Join Jon Stokes, Director of Science and Research at the Tree Council, Sonia Dümpelmann, a landscape historian and author, and Paul Powlesland, barrister and founder of Lawyers for Nature, as they discuss the urgent need to protect urban trees. They explore the historical significance of street trees, how communities are rallying to save them from development, and the coalition of nature and law in advocating for tree rights. Find out how local initiatives and heartfelt protests are making waves in the battle for greener cities!

Carly McLaughlin, a carbon emissions expert, Dale Vince, a green energy pioneer, and Danusha Samal, a sustainable entertainment advocate, come together to challenge the environmental impact of live events. They discuss groundbreaking initiatives in Liverpool aiming to marry fun with sustainability. Highlights include innovations like battery-powered equipment for concerts and plant-based catering options. The conversation also tackles the complexities of reducing waste in sports and entertainment while maintaining their joyful essence.

It's been a hard year for the Amazon rainforest. The toughest drought on record has helped spread fires that have been the worst in two decades. That combination has hit the local people. “If these fires continue, we indigenous people will die,” says Raimundinha Rodrigues Da Sousa who runs the voluntary fire service for the Caititu indigenous community in the Brazilian Amazon. Her land is supposed to be protected but outsiders come in and set fires so that they can clear the land for agriculture.For Rare Earth, Tom Heap and Helen Czerski take a look at the state of the Amazon rainforest, analyse its role in the global climate and consider the political battle over its future. They're joined by BBC South America correspondent, Ione Wells and by Angela Maldonado who has worked for 25 years in the Amazon, protecting night monkeys that are stolen and traded for medical research. Based on the Colombia-Peru-Brazil border, Angela has a unique perspective on the long-running war between development and conservation in the region.Patricia Medici explains her work to conserve the extraordinary tapir, South America's largest land mammal and Niki Mardas reveals the latest results from Global Canopy's Forest 500 campaign which examines the involvement of 500 major companies in the supply chains which hasten the destruction of the Amazon rainforest.Producer: Alasdair CrossAssistant Producer: Ellie RicholdRare Earth is produced in association with the Open University

Some of the wealthiest tech entrepreneurs share a vision of life beyond the horizon. They see a future for humankind that abandons our tired, dirty planet and creates new colonies of health and creativity on the Moon, on Mars or even further into deep space. Is this a wise precaution for all our futures or an insurance policy for the super-wealthy as they continue to trash our home planet? Tom Heap and Helen Czerski are joined by British astronaut, Tim Peake to consider the big moral questions of space colonisation and the practical problems of devising ways to make the best of the extraordinary possibilities of space without increasing the pressure on Earth’s resources. If we do colonise another planet how do we avoid making the same mistakes again? How do we grow food and find or produce freshwater? How can we travel to, from and around these planets without burning more fossil fuels? Could the answers help us all live a better life right here, right now? Joining Helen, Tom and Tim in studio are Eloise Marais, who leads the Atmospheric Composition and Air Quality research group at University College London and co-chair of the Environmental Task Force at Space Scotland, Andrew Fournet, and Tom pays a visit to a company in Bletchley who are developing nuclear fusion propulsion.Producer: Alasdair Cross Assistant Producer: Toby FieldProduced in association with the Open University

Our love affair with plastic has grown beyond all expectations since we were first introduced to the substance in the mid 20th century, and the rate at which we're using it shows no sign of slowing. But the tidal wave of plastic pollution we've unleashed is causing serious environmental problems. In this programme, Helen Czerski and Tom Heap hear how some of our plastic waste is burnt in incinerators or sent overseas, causing pollution far from our shores. In their search for solutions, they visit the Plastic Waste Innovation Hub at University College London, where Professor Mark Miodownik shows them how science is trying to keep up with the proliferation of plastic pollution. Back in the studio, they're joined by Professor Steve Fletcher from the University of Portsmouth, Sally Beken from Innovate UK, and environmental journalist Leana Hosea from Watershed Investigations, to talk about how we got here and how we can change our relationship with plastic. In the 2000s the amount of plastic waste generated rose more in a single decade than it had in the previous forty years. It's in everything - from our clothes, cars and cosmetics, to the 2.5 billion disposable drinks cups now discarded every year in the UK. It seems we can't live without it. So Helen and Tom ask: who's in charge now - us or plastic? Producer: Emma CampbellProduced in association with the Open University

Nothing beats the sight of a top predator as it hunts. In the British Isles that means looking up. Our birds of prey are bouncing back after decades of shooting, poisoning and habitat loss. Buzzard numbers are up by 80% since 1995 and Red Kite by 2000%. Peregrine Falcon are thriving in London and Marsh Harriers have returned to our wetlands. Helen gets up close to Black Kites and an Eagle Owl at the Owl and Raptor Centre in Kent and travel writer Antonia Bolingbroke-Kent describes the extraordinary migration of tens of thousands of birds of prey through the Batumi Gap on the border of Georgia and Turkey.The RSPB's Mark Thomas and Robert Benson of the Moorland Association discuss the threat that birds of prey still face on some of Britain's shooting estates and Jennifer Ackerman, author of 'What An Owl Knows' joins Tom and Helen to explore the science behind the night-hunting skills of so many owls.Producer: Alasdair CrossAssistant Producer: Toby FieldRare Earth is produced in association with the Open University