Behind The Knife: The Surgery Podcast

A silent danger lurks within the descending thoracic aorta. While most Type B aortic dissections are managed medically, up to half of these patients will either require life-saving surgery or die within just five years. So how do we separate those who will quietly recover from those on the edge of catastrophe? How do we protect the spinal cord, bowel, and limbs from the devastating consequences of malperfusion? Join the University of Michigan Department of Vascular Surgery as they tackle the high-stakes decisions behind managing this unpredictable disease—where timing is critical, interventions are evolving, and lives hang in the balance. Hosted by the University of Michigan Department of Vascular Surgery: ·       Robert Beaulieu, Program Director ·       Frank Davis, Assistant Professor of Surgery ·       Luciano Delbono, PGY-5 House Officer ·       Andrew Huang, PGY-4 House Officer ·       Carolyn Judge, PGY-2 House Officer Learning Objectives: 1.         Discuss general approach to diagnosis and management of TBAD. 2.         Identifying high-risk features in uncomplicated TBAD and understanding their role in determining the need for surgical management. 3.         Review endovascular techniques for managing malperfusion of the limbs, viscera, and spinal cord and discuss associated decision making. References:  Authors/Task Force Members, Czerny, M., Grabenwöger, M., Berger, T., Aboyans, V., Della Corte, A., Chen, E. P., Desai, N. D., Dumfarth, J., Elefteriades, J. A., Etz, C. D., Kim, K. M., Kreibich, M., Lescan, M., Di Marco, L., Martens, A., Mestres, C. A., Milojevic, M., Nienaber, C. A., … Hughes, G. C. (2024). EACTS/STS Guidelines for Diagnosing and Treating Acute and Chronic Syndromes of the Aortic Organ. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 118(1), 5–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.01.021 de Kort, J. F., Hasami, N. A., Been, M., Grassi, V., Lomazzi, C., Heijmen, R. H., Hazenberg, C. E. V. B., van Herwaarden, J. A., & Trimarchi, S. (2025). Trends and Updates in the Management and Outcomes of Acute Uncomplicated Type B Aortic Dissection. Annals of Vascular Surgery, S0890-5096(25)00004-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2024.12.060 Eidt, J. F., & Vasquez, J. (2023). Changing Management of Type B Aortic Dissections. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 19(2), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1171 Lombardi, J. V., Hughes, G. C., Appoo, J. J., Bavaria, J. E., Beck, A. W., Cambria, R. P., Charlton-Ouw, K., Eslami, M. H., Kim, K. M., Leshnower, B. G., Maldonado, T., Reece, T. B., & Wang, G. J. (2020). Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) reporting standards for type B aortic dissections. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 71(3), 723–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.11.013 MacGillivray, T. E., Gleason, T. G., Patel, H. J., Aldea, G. S., Bavaria, J. E., Beaver, T. M., Chen, E. P., Czerny, M., Estrera, A. L., Firestone, S., Fischbein, M. P., Hughes, G. C., Hui, D. S., Kissoon, K., Lawton, J. S., Pacini, D., Reece, T. B., Roselli, E. E., & Stulak, J. (2022). The Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American Association for Thoracic Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Type B Aortic Dissection. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 113(4), 1073–1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.11.002 Papatheodorou, N., Tsilimparis, N., Peterss, S., Khangholi, D., Konstantinou, N., Pichlmaier, M., & Stana, J. (2025). Pre-Emptive Endovascular Repair for Uncomplicated Type B Dissection—Is This an Option? Annals of Vascular Surgery, S0890-5096(25)00007-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2025.01.003 Trimarchi, S., Gleason, T. G., Brinster, D. R., Bismuth, J., Bossone, E., Sundt, T. M., Montgomery, D. G., Pai, C.-W., Bissacco, D., de Beaufort, H. W. L., Bavaria, J. E., Mussa, F., Bekeredjian, R., Schermerhorn, M., Pacini, D., Myrmel, T., Ouzounian, M., Korach, A., Chen, E. P., … Patel, H. J. (2023). Editor’s Choice - Trends in Management and Outcomes of Type B Aortic Dissection: A Report From the International Registry of Aortic Dissection. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery: The Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery, 66(6), 775–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.05.015 Writing Committee Members, Isselbacher, E. M., Preventza, O., Hamilton Black Iii, J., Augoustides, J. G., Beck, A. W., Bolen, M. A., Braverman, A. C., Bray, B. E., Brown-Zimmerman, M. M., Chen, E. P., Collins, T. J., DeAnda, A., Fanola, C. L., Girardi, L. N., Hicks, C. W., Hui, D. S., Jones, W. S., Kalahasti, V., … Woo, Y. J. (2022). 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 80(24), e223–e393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.004 Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.   If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://app.behindtheknife.org/listen

What if we could train patients for surgery the way elite athletes train for game day? In this episode, we review the science, shed light on the disparities, explore real-world challenges, and honor the behind-the-scenes workers that facilitate prehabilitation in thoracic cancer care. Join attending surgeon Doctor Jinny Ha, 3rd year general surgery resident Doctor Kyla Rakoczy, and Community Outreach Patient Navigator, Leslie Ricks Chandler, in discussing prehabilitation in thoracic surgery. Hosts:  Dr. Jinny Ha, MD, MHS, assistant professor of surgery and thoracic surgeon at Johns Hopkins Leslie Ricks Chandler, Community Outreach Program Advisor Johns Hopkins Thoracic Surgery Dr. Kyla Rakoczy, MD, 3rd year general surgery resident at Johns Hopkins LinkedIn: Kyla Rakoczy Learning objectives:  After listening to this episode, participants will be able to: Define the role and components of prehabilitation in the context of thoracic oncology and ERAS/ESTS guidelines. Interpret key findings from recent clinical trials on prehabilitation, including outcomes related to functional capacity and readmission rates. Identify socioeconomic and structural barriers to prehabilitation participation and discuss strategies to improve equitable access to these interventions. Apply evidence-based criteria to assess which patients may benefit most from preoperative nutrition and exercise interventions. Recognize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration—including social work and patient navigation—in optimizing surgical readiness and long-term outcomes. References:  Effect of Exercise and Nutrition Prehabilitation on Functional Capacity in Esophagogastric Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial - PubMed https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12070588/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39775660/ https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/68030/html https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435646/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043067918301643?via%3Dihub https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30304509/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28385477/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27226400/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38546649/  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38614212/ https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/surgery/specialty-areas/thoracic-surgery/patient-education  Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.   If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://app.behindtheknife.org/listen

In this engaging discussion, Dr. Becky Sippel, an esteemed leader in endocrine surgery, delves into the often-overlooked condition of primary hyperparathyroidism. With insights from her extensive research, she reveals the severe implications for bone health and the promising benefits of parathyroidectomy, especially in reducing fracture risk. A detailed patient case highlights the diagnostic complexities, and recent studies show how timely surgical intervention can significantly improve outcomes for women with osteopenia. Tune in to uncover why surgery might be the best bet!

Behind the Knife's General Surgery Oral Board Review Course includes 123 Audio Scenarios + 10 Interactive Video Scenarios + 97 Operative Descriptions that cover all SCORE topic. Each scenario includes two parts. The first part is a perfectly executed oral board scenario that mimics the real thing. Scenarios are 5 to 7 minutes long and include a variety of tactics and styles. If you are able to achieve this level of performance in your preparation you are sure to pass the oral exam with flying colors. The second part introduces high-yield commentary to each scenario. This commentary includes tips and tricks to help you dominate the most challenging scenarios in addition to practical, easy-to-understand teaching that covers the most confusing topics we face as general surgeons. We are confident you will find this unique, dual format approach a highly effective way to prepare for the test. All of our premium courses are available via our website and apps (iOS and Android).  Users can take notes, pin chapters and download content for offline viewing.  Learn more about the General Surgery Oral Board Review Course at https://app.behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review **Institutional Discounts Available - Please email hello@behindtheknife.org to learn more.** Please visit behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  

In this episode, the Behind the Knife team shares exciting updates, including updates to the General Surgery Oral Board Review with 123 expert-commentary scenarios, 10 interactive videos, and 97 operative descriptions. They announce upcoming projects such as an AI-powered oral board simulator, Spanish-language review, a free pediatric surgery resource, and detailed surgical instrument flashcards. The team also introduces Dominate Surgery courses for medical students and advanced practice providers, designed to modernize and elevate surgical education. ***Choledocholithiasis wtih Gastric Bypass Video Scenario Link: https://app.behindtheknife.org/video/behindtheknife-general-surgery-oral-board-review-video-sample-choledocholithiasis-w-gastric-bypass --- Behind the Knife's General Surgery Oral Board Review Course includes 123 Audio Scenarios + 10 Interactive Video Scenarios + 97 Operative Descriptions that cover all SCORE topic. Each scenario includes two parts. The first part is a perfectly executed oral board scenario that mimics the real thing. Scenarios are 5 to 7 minutes long and include a variety of tactics and styles. If you are able to achieve this level of performance in your preparation you are sure to pass the oral exam with flying colors. The second part introduces high-yield commentary to each scenario. This commentary includes tips and tricks to help you dominate the most challenging scenarios in addition to practical, easy-to-understand teaching that covers the most confusing topics we face as general surgeons. We are confident you will find this unique, dual format approach a highly effective way to prepare for the test. All of our premium courses are available via our website and apps (iOS and Android).  Users can take notes, pin chapters and download content for offline viewing.  Learn more about the General Surgery Oral Board Review Course at https://app.behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review **Institutional Discounts Available - Please email hello@behindtheknife.org to learn more.** Please visit behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  

In this session, a Case Presenter and Surgical Educator discusses a challenging breast cancer case, providing insights into the management of node-positive triple negative disease. They cover essential topics like initial staging workup, the importance of genetic counseling, and the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The conversation delves into surgical strategies after treatment response, focusing on sentinel node biopsy and the necessity for completion axillary dissection in cases of residual disease. This practical commentary is invaluable for surgical trainees.

Behind the Knife's General Surgery Oral Board Review Course includes 123 Audio Scenarios + 10 Interactive Video Scenarios + 97 Operative Descriptions that cover all SCORE topic. Each scenario includes two parts. The first part is a perfectly executed oral board scenario that mimics the real thing. Scenarios are 5 to 7 minutes long and include a variety of tactics and styles. If you are able to achieve this level of performance in your preparation you are sure to pass the oral exam with flying colors. The second part introduces high-yield commentary to each scenario. This commentary includes tips and tricks to help you dominate the most challenging scenarios in addition to practical, easy-to-understand teaching that covers the most confusing topics we face as general surgeons. We are confident you will find this unique, dual format approach a highly effective way to prepare for the test. All of our premium courses are available via our website and apps (iOS and Android).  Users can take notes, pin chapters and download content for offline viewing.   Learn more about the General Surgery Oral Board Review Course at https://app.behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review **Institutional Discounts Available - Please email hello@behindtheknife.org to learn more.** Please visit behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  

When the gallbladder turns hostile, sometimes you must do more than just pause—you have to call in a senior partner for help. Join the Behind the Knife EGS team at Mizzou as we dive into the art and grit of open cholecystectomy. From fundus-first dissection to navigating the “barrier to happiness,” this episode is packed with surgical pearls, tough love, and the kind of wisdom only scars can teach. Participants: Dr. Rushabh Dev FACS (Moderator, Surgical Attending) – Assistant Professor of Surgery, Associate PD ACS & SCCM Fellowship, SICU Medical Director, Lieutenant Commander United States Navy Reserve  Dr. Jeffery Coughenour FACS (Surgical Attending) – Professor of Surgery and Emergency Medicine, Trauma Medical Director at the University of Missouri SOM Dr. Christopher Nelson FACS (Surgical Attending) – Associate Professor of Surgery, Medical Director of Emergency General Surgery at the University of Missouri SOM Dr. Micah Ancheta (ACS Fellow) – Major, United States Airforce  Dr. Desra Fletcher (3rd year general surgery resident) Learning Objectives:  ·      Recognize Indications for Conversion Identify clinical and intraoperative factors that necessitate conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. ·      Apply Risk Stratification Tools Utilize grading systems (e.g., Parkland, Tokyo, AAST) to assess cholecystitis severity and predict surgical difficulty. ·      Implement Safe Cholecystectomy Techniques Describe the six steps of the SAGES Safe Cholecystectomy Program to minimize bile duct injury. ·      Understand Bailout Strategies Differentiate between fenestrating and reconstituting subtotal cholecystectomy techniques and their respective risks. ·      Master Key Operative Steps Outline the essential components of open cholecystectomy: positioning, incision, exposure, and dissection. ·      Navigate High-Risk Anatomy Recognize “zones of danger” and use the B-SAFE mnemonic to reorient and ensure safe progression. ·      Develop Intraoperative Judgment Demonstrate when to proceed with subtotal techniques, convert to open, or call for assistance. ·      Perform Technical Nuances Safely Identify proper dissection planes, manage gallbladder bed inflammation, and secure cystic structures with confidence. ·      Prevent and Manage Complications Understand the risks of bile leaks, bilomas, and subcostal hernias—and how to mitigate them through technique and closure. ·      Foster Surgical Maturity Emphasize humility, collaboration, and mentorship in difficult operations—knowing when to ask for help is a skill. References: 1.     Dhanasekara, C. S., Shrestha, K., Grossman, H., Garcia, L. M., Maqbool, B., Luppens, C., ... & Dissanaike, S. (2024). A comparison of outcomes including bile duct injury of subtotal cholecystectomy versus open total cholecystectomy as bailout procedures for severe cholecystitis: A multicenter real-world study. Surgery, 176(5), 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2024.03.057 2.     Motter, S. B., de Figueiredo, S. M. P., Marcolin, P., Trindade, B. O., Brandao, G. R., & Moffett, J. M. (2024). Fenestrating vs reconstituting laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgical Endoscopy, 38, 7475–7485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-024-11225-8 3.     Brunt, L. M., Deziel, D. J., Telem, D. A., Strasberg, S. M., Aggarwal, R., Asbun, H., ... & Stefanidis, D. (2020). Safe cholecystectomy multi-society practice guideline and state of the art consensus conference on prevention of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Surgical Endoscopy.https://www.sages.org/publications/guidelines/safe-cholecystectomy-multi-society-practice-guideline/ 4.     Elshaer, M., Gravante, G., Thomas, K., Sorge, R., Al-Hamali, S., & Ebdewi, H. (2015). Subtotal cholecystectomy for “difficult gallbladders”: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surgery, 150(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.1219 5.     Koo, S. S. J., Krishnan, R. J., Ishikawa, K., Matsunaga, M., Ahn, H. J., Murayama, K. M., & Kitamura, R. K. (2024). Subtotal vs total cholecystectomy for difficult gallbladders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Surgery, 229(1), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.12.022 6.     Strasberg, S. M., Pucci, M. J., Brunt, L. M., & Deziel, D. J. (2016). Subtotal cholecystectomy—“Fenestrating” vs “reconstituting” subtypes and the prevention of bile duct injury: Definition of the optimal procedure in difficult operative conditions. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 222(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.09.019 7.     Ahmed, O., & Walsh, T. N. (2020). Surgical trainee experience with open cholecystectomy and the Dunning-Kruger effect. Journal of Surgical Education.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.03.025 8.     Seshadri, A., & Peitzman, A. B. (2024). The difficult cholecystectomy: What you need to know. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 97(3), 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000004156 9.     Invited commentary on “A comparison of outcomes including bile duct injury of subtotal cholecystectomy versus open total cholecystectomy as bailout procedures for severe cholecystitis: A multicenter real-world study”. (2024). Surgery, 176(5), 614–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2024.05.003 Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.   If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://app.behindtheknife.org/listen

You’re on call at a level I trauma center and you get called that you’re receiving a large TBSA burn patient – you’re not working at a burn center! You remember hearing about some controversy surrounding burn resuscitation – was it the parkland formula? Consensus formula? ABSITE asked about the Modified Brooke Formula?!? Join Dr. Kathleen Romanowski, Dr. Laura Johnson, Dr. Victoria Miles, and Dr. Lauren Nosanov to discuss modern burn fluid resuscitation! Hosts:  ·      Kathleen Romanowski – University of California Davis Hospital, Shriners Hospital Sacramento ·      Laura Johnson – Grady Memorial Hospital ·      Lauren Nosanov – Grady Memorial Hospital ·      Victoria Miles – Louisiana State University Health Science Center, University Medical Center New Orleans Learning Objectives: ·      Review the basics of initial burn fluid resuscitation ·      Evaluate the literature informing national burn fluid resuscitation guidelines ·      Consider the causes of failed burn resuscitation and strategies for identifying these complications References: ·      Pham TN, Cancio LC, Gibran NS. American Burn Association Practice Guidelines Burn Shock Resuscitation. J Burn Care Res. 2008: 257-266. doi:10.1097/jbcr.0b013e31815f3876. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18182930/ ·      Rizzo JA, Coates EC, Serio-Melvin ML, et al. Higher Initial Formula for Resuscitation After Severe Burn Injury Means Higher 24-Hour Volumes. J Burn Care Res. 2023:1017-1022. doi:10.1093/jbcr/irad065. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37339255/  Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.   If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://app.behindtheknife.org/listen

Today, we’re diving into a condition that’s as fascinating as it is complex: Achalasia—where the esophagus stops playing nice, and swallowing becomes a daily challenge. We’re breaking down the latest evidence, comparing POEM, pneumatic dilation, and Heller myotomy, and digging into what actually matters when deciding how to treat each achalasia subtype. Join show hosts Drs. Jake Greenberg, Dana Portenier, Zach Weitzner, and Joey Lew as they discuss the past, present, and future of Achalasia management. Whether you're a medical student or a seasoned attending, this episode will arm you with the tools to think critically about diagnosis, tailor your treatment strategy, and stay ahead of the curve on the future of achalasia care. Hosts:  ·      Jacob Greenberg, MD, EdM, MIS Division Chief and Vice Chair for Education, Duke University ·      Dana Portenier, MD, MIS Fellowship Director, Duke University ·      Zachary Weitzner, MD, Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery Fellow, Duke University, @ZachWeitznerMD ·      Joey Lew, MD, MFA, Surgical resident PGY-3, Duke University, @lew__actually Learning Goals:  By the end of this episode, listeners will be able to: ·      Describe the pathophysiology and key diagnostic criteria for achalasia, including the role of manometry, EGD, and esophagram. ·      Differentiate between the three subtypes of achalasia based on the Chicago Classification and understand the clinical significance of each. ·      Compare treatment options for achalasia—pneumatic dilation, Lap Heller myotomy, and POEM—including indications, efficacy, and long-term outcomes. ·      Interpret landmark studies (e.g., European Achalasia Trial, JAMA POEM trial) and their impact on treatment decision-making. ·      Recognize patient-specific factors (age, comorbidities, achalasia subtype) that influence the choice of therapy. ·      Discuss evolving technologies and future directions in achalasia management, including endoluminal robotics, ARMS, and combined anti-reflux strategies. ·      Outline a basic treatment algorithm for newly diagnosed achalasia, incorporating diagnostic steps and tailored interventions. ·      Appreciate the multidisciplinary approach to achalasia care, including the roles of MIS surgeons, gastroenterologists, and emerging procedural skillsets. References: ·      Boeckxstaens G, Elsen S, Belmans A, Annese V, Bredenoord AJ, Busch OR, Costantini M, Fumagalli U, Smout AJPM, Tack J, Vanuytsel T, Zaninotto G, Salvador R; European Achalasia Trial Investigators. 10‑year follow-up results of the European Achalasia Trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation with laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut. 2024 Mar;73(4):582‑589. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl‑2023‑331374. PMID: 38050085 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38050085/ ·      He J, Yin Y, Tang W, Jiang J, Gu L, Yi J, Yan L, Chen S, Wu Y, Liu X. Objective Outcomes of an Extended Anti‑reflux Mucosectomy in the Treatment of PPI‑Dependent Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (with Video). J Gastrointest Surg. 2022 Aug;26(8):1566–1574. doi:10.1007/s11605‑022‑05396‑9. PMID: 35776296 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35776296/ ·      Modayil RJ, Zhang X, Rothberg B, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy: 10-year outcomes from a large, single-center U.S. series with high follow-up completion and comprehensive analysis of long-term efficacy, safety, objective GERD, and endoscopic functional luminal assessment. Gastrointest Endosc. 2021;94(5):930-942. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2021.05.014. PMID: 33989646. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33989646/ ·      Ponds FA, Fockens P, Lei A, Neuhaus H, Beyna T, Kandler J, Frieling T, Chiu PWY, Wu JCY, Wong VWY, Costamagna G, Familiari P, Kahrilas PJ, Pandolfino JE, Smout AJPM, Bredenoord AJ. Effect of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs pneumatic dilation on symptom severity and treatment outcomes among treatment-naive patients with achalasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 9;322(2):134–144. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.8859. PMID: 31287522. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31287522/ ·      Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, Greer KB, Kavitt RT; ACG Clinical Guidelines Committee. ACG clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;115(9):1393–1411. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000731. PMID: 32773454; PMCID: PMC9896940 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773454/ ·      West RL, Hirsch DP, Bartelsman JF, de Borst J, Ferwerda G, Tytgat GN, Boeckxstaens GE. Long term results of pneumatic dilation in achalasia followed for more than 5 years. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(6):1346-1351. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05771.x. PMID:12094848. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12094848/ Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.   If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://app.behindtheknife.org/listen