EMCrit Podcast

What if you had a REBOA catheter through which you could give blood and drugs?

Rob Bryant presents a case

What is the proper care for a patient in cardiac arrest or shock after smoke inhalation if they don't have severe burns?

This episode, we discuss REBOA (resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta).

I speak to the lead author of the ProCESS trial, Dr. Derek Angus

There is a really smart anesthesiologist out there called Nicholas Chrimes. He along with his mate Peter Fritz invented the Vortex Approach to Airway Management. He also runs a blog called Clinical CrEd. He did a post advocating the Mapleson B Circuit as the Ultimate Preox Device What is the Mapleson B? The Mapleson circuits were used for anesthetics in the good old days. At least in the US, we have move to bigger, and arguably better designs for our operative patients. Many would have thought this device would have been consigned to the trash heap, but seemingly not. from anesthesia 2000 My Recommended Approaches I recommend two approaches to preox: standard and shunt physiology strategies. I outlines these strategies in the paper Rich Levitan and I wrote. Standard: NRB @ >=15 lpm and NC @ 10-15 lpm for 3 minutes Shunt Physio: Choose 1 BVM with PEEP Valve & NC @ 10-15 lpm NIPPV Ventilator with NIPPV Mask or BVM Mask & NC @ 10-15 lpm Nick makes a number of arguments as to the superiority of the Mapleson circuit over these standard techniques. His points are excellent, but I disagree with pretty much all of them--I think it becomes a question of perspective. Automatic Checking Yes, using the same device for reox and preox makes sure the reox device is there and hooked up, but this for me is an inadequate argument to dispense with NRB/NC set-up. Multiple BVM Masks We don't have these readily available in any ED or ICU I've worked in. We have neonate, peds, and adult. Our masks also are not inflatable. PEEP PEEP is good, Mapleson may or may not be a good way to provide this for the reasons I've mentioned in the wee, but a BVM with a PEEP valve or a vent are at least as good. ApOx Mapleson may provide this better than BVM, but not as well as a NC, which should be on during any intubation. ETCO2 No advantage of Mapleson Low resistance Maybe this matters, as soon as you put on the PEEP, I can't imagine this difference persisting Room Air Entrainment Release your seal for even one breath and you have blown denitrogenation. Always, always use a strapped system if possible=NRB/NC, NIV mask, or BVM mask with OR straps. Troubleshooting Leaks This is the real area in which Nick and I differ. Nick makes the point that a good seal in preox guarantees a good seal in reox--this may be true, but it is unimportant. What I care about is does a bad, one-handed seal in preox mean I won't be able to reox with the BVM--this is entirely untrue. If I did to an awake patient what I will do to them when asleep and desaturating, they would, quite rightfully, punch me in the face. Anesthesiologists should use Mapleson B/C; ED/ICU should only use BVM +/- PEEP Valve with two hands and oral airway and a rocking triple maneuver (that no pt should experience if they are conscious) otherwise they should be NIV mask with straps or (BVM mask with straps). This is the same reason I tell my residents to just train with Macintosh blades. Primary and secondary leaks are the main thrust of Nick's love for the old-timey circuits. But all of us have appreciated this easily by squeezing the bag-valve-mask: Easy-squeezy or Hard Squeezy ETCO2 with a monitor you can see Is he holding or squeezing? I can feel compliance with a BVM if I squeezed it, but I don't unless the pt needs it during reox. But are they squeezing the Mapleson? If they are, they may be doing damage. This study (Anesthesiology 2014;120:326) talks about the myths of Gentle Facemask Ventilation: >15 cmH20 may be entraining gas into the stomach via the LES (in some patients, even 10 cmH20 may be a problem) UES will withstand at least 20 cmH20 until NMB at which point again 15 seems to be the number (The latter is why we don't bag during apnea unless we have to) Two hands ALWAYS on the mask Recently, I spent 2 weeks intubating 10-15 patients per day. One hand mask skills got better and better--all for naught.

Exploring the similarities between combat psychology and medical emergencies, stress responses, autonomic reactions, stress inoculation training, standardizing pre-hospital intubation, effects of stress on memory, tactical breathing techniques for stress control, and mental readiness mindset shift.

This one is really good!

If you are an EM:RAP listener, you have probably heard Mel Herbert's story of 2 cars crashing right outside of his house. Mel realized he did not stock a medical kit in his house with the necessary crucial supplies for an emergency scene. I realized I don't either (there is one in my car). So, I reached out to the master of preparedness, Dr. Keith Conover.