Fund/Build/Scale

You don’t need a Stanford degree or a flashy deck to raise a pre-seed, seed or Series A, but you do need to show investors that you’ve put in the work. 645 Ventures co-founder Nnamdi Okike shares practical advice for founders who are prepping to raise capital, including what he looks for in pitch meetings, how to uncover “earned secrets,” and why chasing hot categories can backfire. We also dig into how 645 uses outbound sourcing and proprietary software to spot overlooked talent — and what it really takes to stand out if you don't fit the typical founder mold. RUNTIME 58:08 EPISODE BREAKDOWN (2:18) Nnamdi describes his path from operator to investor. (5:00) Stage by stage: What sets 645 Ventures apart from other firms? (12:33) What signals and sectors suggest strong alignment with 645? (21:04) “We do have some solo founders in the portfolio.” (25:49) His take on CEOs who promote a hard-charging, aggressive culture. (31:20) Why he favors founders solving real problems, not just chasing trends. (37:02) One thing he wishes more first-time founders understood about the early-stage ecosystem. (43:55) What kind of proof or evidence he looks for in companies raising capital. (49:20) Which early assumptions he and his team have since modified —or thrown out. LINKS Nnamdi Okike Aaron Holiday 645 Ventures Pattern Breakers Karen Moon SUBSCRIBE 📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/   📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   Thanks for listening!   – Walter.

Dan Lee co-founded what would become Nooks while on leave from Stanford. He wasn’t solving sales. He was exploring remote collaboration during the pandemic. But when they noticed that some of his most active users were in sales development — and that investors were starting to reach out — he followed the signal. Today, Nooks is a sales AI platform used by teams at Seismic, Fivetran, and Modern Health, with $70 million in funding from Kleiner Perkins, Lachy Groom, and others. In this episode, we talk about how Nooks evolved from a virtual office for remote collaboration into a fast-growing AI sales assistant platform. Dan shares what it’s like to raise a $43M Series B after an unplanned Series A, why he believes sales needs AI assistants, not agents, and how he built conviction in a space he had no background in. If you’re an early-stage founder wondering how to navigate a pivot, build for an industry you’ve never worked in, or generate investor pull instead of push, listen in. RUNTIME 36:32  EPISODE BREAKDOWN (3:01) “ It started as a project, obviously became a company.” (5:13) “  Everyone here is smarter than me in some way.” (5:46) Which early signals indicated Nooks could be more than a side project? (8:01) “ And then, investors approached and said, ‘oh, you should raise some money.’” (10:11) “ I think it's a misconception to think that in the early days it's hard to do much without raising money.” (11:15) Pivoting Nooks from a virtual collaboration platform to serving sales teams. (14:26) “ At the time, it felt more like a focus than a pivot.” (16:56) “ Coming from an engineering background, it's easy to think, ‘oh, sales, that's like a dirty job.’” (20:50) “ We've been fortunate to have a very strong feedback loop with our users.” (22:20) If you don’t have domain expertise, “ build a mental model of what is true north in terms of product value.” (23:22) Nooks’ work culture is underpinned by two values: “ask why,” and “earn customer love.” (26:25) Customer satisfaction ≠ Customer delight (30:36) Why Nooks is building AI assistants, not AI agents. (32:41) When it comes to hiring, Dan looks for people with “motivations that align well with Nooks.” (34:39) One question Dan would have to ask a CEO if he were interviewing for a job with an early-stage startup. LINKS Dan Lee Nooks Nikhil Cheerla Rohan Suri Nooks raises $43M Series B from Kleiner Perkins and launches AI Sales Assistant Platform Forbes 30 Under 30 AI SUBSCRIBE 📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/   📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   Thanks for listening!   – Walter.

UPDATE: On 9/8/2025, ZEI announced "the conclusion of its operations." https://www.linkedin.com/posts/zeroei_zero-emission-industries-zei-announces-activity-7371012829409177601-yQph? ******* Transforming breakthrough research into a sustainable company is never simple — especially in hard tech. In this episode recorded in December 2024, Zero Emission Industries CEO/founder Dr. Joseph Pratt and Chief Strategy Officer John Motlow share what it takes to move hydrogen power systems from the lab to the marketplace. We talk about raising money in tough conditions, why government grants can be both a blessing and a constraint, and how to build teams that thrive under pressure. Along the way, they offer candid lessons on funding, hiring, and navigating timelines that rarely go as planned. RUNTIME 51:52   EPISODE BREAKDOWN (2:11) “ I knew the path on how to solve it and knew that there was demand for it, and took the jump out of the national lab to start the company.” (6:36) “ I didn't jump into this with a big network of investors.” (8:57) How ZEI produced the world’s first commercial fuel cell ferry. (10:56) Why the company’s first hire was a Chief Strategy Officer. (12:53) John Motlow says he wanted to join ZEI “because it was incredibly risky.” (17:06) Crafting ZEI’s GTM strategy for the FCV Vanguard, a hydrogen-powered, high-performance speedboat. (21:55) Is ZEI a transportation company, or a clean tech startup? (24:20) When it comes to deep tech, customer requirements are wayfinders for PMF. (29:47) “Government funding and their insights is sort of half the picture.” (35:30) “ To be clear, we talked to a lot of investors who did not agree with our TAM.” (39:09) Why they overindexed on hiring employees who have a background in motorsports. (42:19) Joe’s advice for building specialized teams in a competitive market. (47:38) “ Don't slot someone in there and then forget about it: Where are their strengths?” (49:27) What’s next for ZEI? LINKS Zero Emission Industries Dr. Joseph Pratt John Moslow FCV Vanguard — Live Demo (YouTube) ZEI Raises $8.75 Million in Series A Funding SUBSCRIBE 📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/   Thanks for listening! – Walter.

Rob Biederman has sat on both sides of the table — first as co-founder and CEO of Catalant Technologies, and now as managing partner at Asymmetric Capital Partners. In this candid conversation, he explains why so much of the conventional wisdom around startups is actually counterproductive. He breaks down why design partners don’t equal traction, why headcount growth is a vanity metric, and why Silicon Valley should stop romanticizing failure. He also shares how Asymmetric evaluates founders, what investors really care about, and the simple test every startup should use to prove they’re solving a real problem. If you’re a founder chasing milestones that look good on a pitch deck but don’t move the business forward, this episode of Fund/Build/Scale is a reality check you won’t hear anywhere else.   RUNTIME 43:43   EPISODE BREAKDOWN (2:46) “ We have a probably a couple points of differentiation with the broader market.” (4:46) “ Our happiest spot is kind of in the two-to-six million range for our first check.” (5:39) “ We want to get to know people probably a year or two before they're going to found so we can really see what they're about and really understand.” (7:20) “ I think we'd hire most of our founders as investors at our firm, if we had the chance.” (10:11) What makes a startup  relevant, credible, or just differentiated? (11:32) An easy framework for self-auditing your startup idea. (13:09) “ I think our industry kind of worships at the altar of failure a little too much.” (15:08) “ We don't actually really love backing people directly from really big companies.” (17:00) Rob explains why design partners are a distraction, not a path to real traction. (21:23) “ If you're gonna get one career, why not spend it trying to trick the world into doing something differently?” (24:17) One metric founders love that does not predict success from an investor’s perspective. (25:08) Inside Asymmetric Capital Partners’ four-step pitch review process. (27:27) Why the best data rooms are simple: “they have no spin.” (29:46) Rob describes how his firm’s advisor partner model works. (31:49) The first step in GTM: “ get to the bottom of why your customer is buying from you.” (35:18) At the start, tell investors “everything you haven't figured out” so you can start planning. (38:17) “ If you don't tell your doctor the truth, what can they do for you?” (41:02) What he would do differently if he were launching a startup today. LINKS Rob Biederman Asymmetric Capital Partners Asymmetric FAQs Catalant Technologies Democratizing Care: Announcing our Investment in Counsel Health EvolutionIQ Raises $21M Series A To Deliver AI Based Claims Guidance Across The Industry SUBSCRIBE 📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/ 📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   Thanks for listening!   – Walter.

Pro tip: If you can’t see yourself getting up every morning for the next ten years and being excited about going to work, don’t launch a startup. Ajay Prakash co-founded Rinse in 2013 to take the friction out of laundry and dry cleaning — for consumers, and for the small, family-owned businesses behind the counter. Since then, Rinse has scaled into a national brand, and Ajay has become a lecturer at Stanford Graduate Business School’s Startup Garage, where he teaches frameworks for validating ideas, testing business models, and knowing when it’s time to take the leap into entrepreneurship. I invited him on to share what he’s learned about developing domain expertise from scratch, building trust with co-founders, and avoiding the early mistakes that can derail a promising business. RUNTIME 42:38 EPISODE BREAKDOWN (2:22) Ajay talks about two trends that led him to co-found Rinse in 2013. (4:15) Rinse co-founder James Joun was “one of my best friends from college.” (5:29) “When we started, we spent a lot of time with James’ parents in the dry-cleaning store.” (6:40) Before taking the leap, founders should identify their “passion, expertise, and market opportunity.” (9:11) “As you build a company, answering the question of ‘why now’ and ‘why me’ is really important.” (11:19) “We signed up 11 of our friends. We picked up their clothes.” (14:17) “Every smart investor we talked to… told us we had to be on-demand.” (17:41) Early signals led Rinse to pivot from pricing per pound to adopting a subscription model. (20:23) His approach to crafting customer personas. (22:05) “We always envisioned helping the local cleaners.” (27:11) From the start, Rinse used Net Promoter Scores and surveys to glean customer insights. (30:44) The “two general areas of lessons” Ajay teaches at Stanford’s Startup Garage. (34:53) Why he encourages Startup Garage students to keep asking themselves, “Am I still excited?” (37:41) How to prepare for the mental challenges of being a startup founder. (40:01) Is Rinse’s operational model adaptable to other industries and services? LINKS Ajay Prakash James Joun Rinse The Four Steps to the Epiphany, Steven G. Blank The Lean Startup, Eric Ries Startup Garage at Stanford Graduate School of Business SUBSCRIBE 📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/   📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   Thanks for listening! – Walter.

Karthee Madasamy is the founder of VC firm MFV Partners and the founding managing partner of Harper Court Ventures, both of which focus on early-stage deep tech startups. In this episode of Fund/Build/Scale, he explains what early-stage founders get wrong about TAM, why technical validation isn’t enough, and how to de-risk your company when the market barely exists. We also talk about: What MFV looks for when evaluating scientific founders The importance of “market inevitability” and strategic timing Common missteps deep tech founders make on the road to Series A If you’re building ambitious technology in a complex, slow-moving market, this episode will help you speak investors’ language — and build a company they can believe in.   RUNTIME 41:03   EPISODE BREAKDOWN (2:24) Karthee describes his engineer–product manager–VC career path. (4:37) How does MFV Partners define deep tech? (6:35) Areas of interest include robotics, physical AI, and next-gen computing—“especially quantum.” (8:39) “We are doing anywhere from pre-seed to seed, up to all the way to Series A.” (12:17) About a third of the founders he works with are transitioning from academic or research roles. (14:01) Inside MFV’s due diligence process. (16:20) The three questions Karthee uses to frame his first meeting with a founder. (17:47) Tactics for engineers and academics who want to validate their idea but lack customer experience. (19:27) “There's no fallback. You have to basically go deep on one thing.” (23:43) “A deep tech founder, in addition to all the other risks, they're taking technical risks.” (25:51) What does traction look like at an early-stage deep tech startup? (28:38) Be prepared to answer this question during your first meeting with Karthee. (30:32) “In deep tech, oftentimes, there is not a place you can just go to get a TAM.” (37:40) Why MFV accepts cold pitches. (39:24) The one question Karthee would ask the CEO if he were interviewing for a job at an early-stage startup. LINKS Karthee Madasamy MFV Partners Harper Court Ventures SUBSCRIBE 📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/   Thanks for listening!   – Walter.

Jyoti Bansal sold his first company, AppDynamics, to Cisco for $3.7 billion. Harness, his next company, reached a similar valuation a few years later. As an entrepreneur — and as a VC at Unusual Ventures — Jyoti has built and backed multiple billion-dollar startups. But despite his track record, he says technical founders often overlook the same hard truth: good ideas don’t build great companies. It’s all about execution. In this conversation, Jyoti explains how he helps engineers become CEOs, the leadership frameworks he uses to scale fast without breaking culture, and why each business unit inside Harness runs like a startup of its own. He also talks about what he had to unlearn as he made the leap from founder to investor, and debunks the myth that every entrepreneur needs a mentor. If you’re aiming for breakout scale, this episode will give you some useful tactics — and maybe a few reality checks. RUNTIME 44:24 EPISODE BREAKDOWN (3:23) “ I started Big Labs and I call it a startup studio: it's really my lab, a research lab for me to experiment with ideas and projects that I'm excited about.” (6:15) Why Jyoti still carves out time for customer discovery and sales calls. (7:27) “ Harness is designed for kind of this next-generation, AI-based approach for DevOps.” (9:42) “ Our entire philosophy is built with this concept called ‘startups within a startup.’” (11:22) How Harness maintains cohesion and alignment across 16 different modules. (14:00) The specific traits and abilities Jyoti looks for when hiring leaders at Harness. (17:35) Why some engineers are poorly suited to make the leap into entrepreneurship. (20:55) A mental framework that helped Jyoti become a better manager and communicator. (23:59) “ I always leaned on topic-based mentorship, not generic mentorship, which is a particular problem.” (25:53) Why working with a CEO coach “didn’t work very well for me.” (27:36) The sectors and types of startups that interest him the most right now. (30:10) How he prefers to be pitched — and how to apply to Unusual Academy’s next cohort. (32:24) “ 30, 40% growth rates are where most startups should be looking, at least — ideally much more.” (33:53) “ If we can't see a path to $100M of revenue — or a billion of revenue — we don't invest.” (37:15) The biggest attachment he had to let go of when transitioning from founder to VC. (42:41) The one question he’d ask the CEO if he were interviewing for a job with an early-stage startup. LINKS Jyoti Bansal Harness Traceable Unusual Ventures Unusual Academy Unusual Field Guide Cisco Announces Intent to Acquire Application Performance Monitoring Leader AppDynamics, 1/24/2017 SUBSCRIBE 📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/ 📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/ Thanks for listening! – Walter.

Brian Rothenberg, partner at Defy and former VP of Growth at Eventbrite, joins Fund/Build/Scale to share what really matters when evaluating early-stage startups. From spotting false signals of traction to building defensible business models, Brian offers practical advice for both founders and operators. He also explains why job seekers should “think like a VC” before joining a startup, how he prefers to be pitched, and what signals he looks for in AI and emerging tech companies. Whether you’re raising capital, building a company, or considering your next role, this conversation will help you see the startup landscape through an investor’s eyes. RUNTIME 34:28   EPISODE BREAKDOWN (2:14) “ I've been fortunate to always be pretty entrepreneurial… it was just how I was wired.” (5:11) How advising friends and investing in their companies led Brian into VC. (6:45) “ The bulk of our capital goes to seed, seed plus or Series A. But we do go as early as an idea and a person.” (7:48) Defy’s areas of interest and average check size. (8:53) “ We will be entering into a period where we'll see a lot of new and profoundly different consumer AI experiences.” (10:26) “ I see a lot of promise in rewiring a lot of the financial infrastructure and plumbing through use of blockchain.” (12:42) The traits and metrics Defy looks for in early-stage AI startups. (14:33) Brian loves Sean Ellis’ customer satisfaction survey. (15:55)  Why proof-of-concept programs don’t generate recurring revenue or reduce churn rates. (19:01) Have you noticed that we don’t hear about many AI startups making a pivot? (21:00) Thanks to AI tools, “ we will see a lot more niche businesses and founders not having to dilute themselves as much as they had previously.” (22:22) How Brian grades the VC community’s ability to judge AI traction. (24:42) Technology alone doesn’t build a defensible startup. (26:57) How to pitch the team at Defy. (29:40) Why startup job seekers need to start thinking like investors. (32:58) The one question Brian would ask the CEO if he were interviewing for a job with an early-stage startup. LINKS Brian Rothenberg Defy Growth with Sean Ellis SUBSCRIBE 📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/   📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   Thanks for listening! – Walter.  

When you’re raising your first rounds, every cap table decision can echo for years. Give away too much equity early, lock yourself into restrictive pro rata rights, or over-optimize for valuation — and you may find yourself boxed in just when your company starts to grow. Pulley co-founder and CEO Yin Wu has seen these mistakes firsthand. In this episode of Fund/Build/Scale, she offers practical, founder-first strategies for structuring and managing your cap table so you can attract top talent, keep your options open, and stay in control of your startup’s destiny. We also discuss how to compete with entrenched incumbents, why her LinkedIn profile says she works in Customer Success, and how founders can shift their role as the company scales. RUNTIME 38:44 EPISODE BREAKDOWN (2:46) Why her LinkedIn profile says she’s in “customer success,” not CEO/co-founder. (5:43)  How much time passed between Day Zero and serving Pulley’s first customer? (9:48) “ You're trying to market the product, and then you're also playing the role of customer success at the same time.” (10:04) The number-one cap table mistake founders make? “Being too greedy.” (13:55) Why are startups sticking with four-year vesting schedules when it takes 7-10 years to exit? (15:14) How founders should think about pro rata rights in early rounds. (19:04) Taking money out in a secondary “ actually releases some of the pressure and allows founders to focus.” (21:04) Founder-preferred shares “are becoming increasingly popular.” (24:15) CEO/founders need to remember “ the soft power that you have as a leader of the company.” (26:45) How Yin defines “founder mode.” (30:50) “ Every successful company has been a response to some incumbent’s worldview.” (33:38) Why going public “ can actually make it tough for companies to be able to innovate.” (34:04) The one question she’d ask the CEO if she were interviewing for a job with an early-stage startup. LINKS Yin Wu Pulley How to Scale a Startup in Just 3 Months, Pulley Employee Equity, Sam Altman Will the Blockbuster Deal for Wiz Spur an M&A Wave in Cybersecurity?, WSJ Pro VC SUBSCRIBE 📥 Get the Fund/Build/Scale newsletter on LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/ 📸 Follow Fund/Build/Scale on Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   Thanks for listening! – Walter.

A turbulent flight sparked Wayne Slavin’s idea for Sure: let consumers buy insurance in real time. But after launching as a D2C app, he realized the bigger opportunity was powering insurance sales for others. Sure’s pivot to B2B turned it into a vertical SaaS platform that lets enterprise companies embed insurance at the point of transaction. In this episode, Wayne explains how to pivot without losing your mission, why founders should lead early enterprise sales, and why he refuses to run proof-of-concept deals. He also shares why — if he could do it over — he’d avoid launching a business with so much built-in complexity. RUNTIME 51:58 EPISODE BREAKDOWN (3:16) How a turbulent flight inspired Wayne to sell insurance directly to consumers. (7:03) Why he reached out to a founder who tried (and failed) to launch an insuretech startup. (12:01) Becoming fluent in insurance industry jargon “was definitely a learning curve.” (16:05) The point when Wayne realized Sure needed to pivot. (20:16) The transition from D2C to B2B “was a slow aircraft carrier style turn.” (22:35) How to tell whether you’re grinding through a rough patch or building on the wrong model. (29:21) When it was time to pitch to enterprise customers, “ most of those conversations were led by me. (32:40) “ Proofs of concept are actually the way for a big company to not do something.” (40:45) Sure is an embedded finance company, not an insurance company. (44:04) “ In hindsight, I would not want to be in another business where you are dependent on two other parties performing.” (49:08) The one question Wayne would have to ask the CEO if he were interviewing for a role with an early-stage startup. LINKS Wayne Slavin Sure "The Start-up From Hell," Inc.com SUBSCRIBE 📥 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/newsletters/7249143254363856897/ 📸 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fundbuildscale/   Thanks for listening!   – Walter.