Universe Today Podcast

In this week's questions show, I tackle all the questions about James Webb generated by the videos we did this week. Can it be refueled? How can it see the entire sky? Is the delay a blessing? And more...00:30 How will JWST run out of propellant?03:12 Are there spacecraft that could service JWST?05:00 Can JWST only see half the sky?08:21 Is the delay a blessing in disguise?10:58 Why not construct it in Low Earth Orbit?13:09 Could we build a copy?14:29 Could JWST use gravitational lensing?15:55 Will JWST image black holes?17:52 Is the telescope an antique?18:49 Should we look or explore?20:52 Could it find vegetation?22:00 Is James Webb already a failure?Want to be part of the questions show? Ask a short question on any video on my channel. I gather a bunch up each week, and answer them here.Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at: https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at: https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comSupport Universe Today Podcast

Today I'll be joined by Paul Geithner, the Deputy Project Manager for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. You've had questions about this mission. Well... now's your chance to get them answered directly from the source.Paul started working with NASA in 1991 on the Hubble Space Telescope, shifting over to James Webb. In 2011, he became the Deputy Project Manager, Technical for James Webb.Learn more here:https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/meetTheTeam/people/geithner.htmlOur Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at: https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at: https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comSupport Universe Today Podcast

On March 30, 2021, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope will blast off from the European Space Agency’s European spaceport in Kourou, French Giana on board an Ariane 5 rocket. It’ll fly to the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, a relatively stable spot in space that keeps the glare from the Sun, Earth, and Moon all in a tiny spot in the sky. Then, it’ll unfurl its tennis court-sized sunshade, fold out its gigantic 6.5-meter mirror, and peer out into the distant cosmos. Over the course of the next 10 years, this infrared observatory will help astronomers learn about the earliest moments of the Universe, directly observe the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars, and peer at newly forming stars and planets.And if you listened to the words I just said with equal parts terror and skepticism, I don’t blame you. James Webb’s path to space has been long and tortuous. And the risks that the mission still faces are very real. Hopefully, the science will be worth it. Hopefully, nothing else goes wrong from now until deployment.So today, I want to do a deep dive into James Webb. To talk about the history of the mission, why it exists, how the development went, and where it stands today.I’ll warn you though, the length of this video is going to go way over budget.Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comReferences:http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/about-jwst/historyhttps://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/index.htmlhttps://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/2017/highlights-of-hubble-s-exploration-of-the-universehttp://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/hst/documentation/_documents/NextGenerationSpaceTelescope.pdfhttps://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.htmlhttp://www.stsci.edu/jwst/about-jwst/history/design-reference-mission-drmhttps://archive.ph/20120805155712/http://www.stsci.edu/jwst/news/2003/nasa-announces-contracthttps://www.nature.com/articles/4671028ahttp://www.icc.dur.ac.uk/~tt/Lectures/Galaxies/Images/Infrared/Regions/irregions.htmlhttps://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/sunshield.htmlhttps://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/index.htmlhttps://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/nircam.htmlhttps://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/fgs.htmlhttps://jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/miri.htmlhttps://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/comparisonWebbVsHubble.htmlhttps://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/faq.htmlhttp://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/forScientists/faqScientists.htmlhttps://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-completes-webb-telescope-reviewhttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-s-james-webb-space-telescope-has-been-assembled-for-the-first-timeSupport Universe Today Podcast

Today's guest is Dustin Gibson from Oceanside Photo and Telescope (OPT). Dustin will talk about his journey to becoming an astrophotographer and eventually running one of the most successful telescope retailers in the world. Follow Dustin on Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/gibsonpics/Or visit Oceanside Photo and Telescopehttps://optcorp.com/Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at: https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at: https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comSupport Universe Today Podcast

In this week's questions show, I answer what will bring geostationary satellites back to Earth, if you could use the heat on Venus to power a rover, why are we so arrogant to believe that life formed only here on Earth, and more.01:38 How long will geostatationary satellites survive?04:31 Could you use the heat on Venus to power a rover?05:50 Arrogant to think Earth is unique with life07:33 What kinds of rocks are on Mars?09:31 Perovskite solar panels on Earth?11:27 Could there be planets with polar orbits?13:13 SagA* % mass of the Milky Way14:25 How do missions tackle micrometeorites?17:05 Why doesn't a black hole turn into a regular object?18:22 Why do sci-fi spacecraft move unrealistically in space?21:11 What clocks will Martians use?23:03 Could we search for dips in light to find Planet 9?Want to be part of the questions show? Ask a short question on any video on my channel. I gather a bunch up each week, and answer them here.Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at: https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at: https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comSupport Universe Today Podcast

It was another solo live QA this week and I did my best to answer as many audience questions as I could do, closing in on 60 questions during the hour. Needless to say it was a wide-ranging conversation with questions about where I think rovers should go, what do I think about time travel, and whether we should do more SETI or build more space telescopes.The thumbnail is for a Greenland rover called Grover. Here's an article about it:https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/grover.html01:28 Updates05:58 Has Canada got an exoplanet?06:10 Thoughts on Hygiea?07:00 Where would I send a rover?07:79 Has NASA done sex studies in space?08:05 How can black holes ever merge?09:55 What does a rocket push against?11:05 What do I think of metallic hydrogen?12:50 What's my most memorable space event?15:36 Have I seen any time travel videos?16:00 Could Valles Marineris caused by a scraping asteroid17:13 Why doesn't JWST's Ariane rocket have an abort system?18:14 What would happen if a comet passed through the atmosphere?18:39 Is Mercury tidally locked?19:03 What will the do about food on Mars?19:43 Do I believe in ancient aliens19:56 How do we measure the expansion of the Universe?21:18 Happy Halloween21:39 What about Nibiru?23:12 Do different worlds experience different time dilation?24:50 Can you brew beer in microgravity?25:20 Any relativistic calculators?25:45 Could we see Earth in the past with a black hole?27:45 Could we blow up asteroids?29:00 Will SpaceX be violating the Outerspace Treaty?31:29 Super spiral galaxies32:35 Europa lander keep from getting fried33:42 What do I read in my spare time?35:05 Have they found the bolts in James Webb?35:27 Are aliens too different?37:00 Any breakthroughs in propulsion?38:18 Did I see Halley's Comet?38:30 Are there any bright comets coming?39:37 How frequent were meteor impacts in the Late Heavy Bombardment?40:15 Will the Moon landings actually happen?41:30 Will there be version of Starship that could service satellites?42:50 Space Telescopes versus SETI43:55 Will CRISPR help modify humans to travel in space?44:39 Collaboration with Joe Scott45:00 Can we terraform Venus?45:30 Live telescope streaming?45:54 Upcoming astronomy events?46:07 Why grow plants in regolith?46:56 Why do we only see photons when they hit a thing?48:04 Could we move a pole faster than the speed of light48:55 Could they make an anti-asteroid version of Starship?49:58 Where did Theia come from?50:50 What if a star made a direct hit on a black hole?51:37 Could we terraform Mars if we set up factories on it?52:56 Is the Sun part of Alpha Centauri?53:29 What does the X-37B55:00 Does it make sense to send a new Voyager?55:39 Could there be infinite Earths?56:00 Most realistic space movie?57:38 When will we live off fusion energy?59:20 What's SpaceX's plan to get through the Van Allen Belts?59:40 How did X-37B launch?Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at: https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at: https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comSupport Universe Today Podcast

Solar energy is the ideal way to power a spacecraft. There’s no weather, there’s no pesky atmosphere, just pure photons streaming from the Sun to harvest for whatever you need. Well, as long as you’re within the inner Solar System.But solar panels are complicated and fragile made of sensitive electronics and glass - not to mention, really heavy. Any spacecraft equipped with solar panels needs to handle the gravity down here on Earth for the construction and testing, then the shaking and high Gs of launch. The solar panels need to unfold perfectly once they get to space. And the total amount of energy you can harvest is limited by the size of your rocket’s launch fairing.Maybe there’s a new strategy. NASA is currently funding research into a new type of solar panel that can be carried into space as a liquid and then sprayed onto a surface to turn it into a power generating surface.Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comReferences:https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-funds-demo-of-3d-printed-spacecraft-parts-made-assembled-in-orbithttp://news.mit.edu/2019/robots-large-structures-little-pieces-1016https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2016/03/kind-solar-panels-nasa-use/https://scitechdaily.com/important-breakthrough-in-perovskite-solar-cells/https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2019/uc-merced-reaches-stars-solar-cellshttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/glenn/2019/building-solar-panels-in-space-might-be-as-easy-as-clicking-printhttps://www1.grc.nasa.gov/facilities/eppl/#vacuum-facility-6-vf6-Support Universe Today Podcast

In this week's questions show, I tackle questions about seeding Europa with hardy Earth life, what makes galaxies spin, what are we competing with aliens for, and why is it so hard for second stages of rockets to land?Subscribe to Back to Spacehttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHZ63YtVtdQDqLxKyTDmtmw01:46 Why not take Earth life to Europa?04:00 What if the aliens are aligned to Planet 9?06:09 What makes a galaxy spin?07:22 What are we competing with aliens for?09:39 Are we constantly reusing atmosphere on ISS?11:33 Should we settle ice worlds?13:52 Why can't second stages be landed?17:03 Does Sag A* spin the same way as the Milky Way?20:22 Is the search for life in space a waste of time?21:59 Could asteroid mining change their orbits?23:51 Would SpaceX send NASA astronauts to Mars?24:25 How much fuel does ISS need?25:01 What kind of training do astronauts get?25:52 What is Max Q?Want to be part of the questions show? Ask a short question on any video on my channel. I gather a bunch up each week, and answer them here.Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at: https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at: https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comSupport Universe Today Podcast

The race is on to find life in other places in the Solar System, from underground reservoirs on Mars to the subsurface oceans on Europa and Enceladus. If spacecraft, rovers or even astronauts make the momentous discovery of life on another world, that’ll just open up new questions. Did it originate all on its own, completely independently from Earth, or are we somehow related? And if we are related, how long ago did our evolutionary trees branch away from each other.Even though Mars is millions of kilometers away, it could be possible that we’re still related thanks to the concept of Panspermia; the idea that meteor impacts could transfer rocks and maybe even living creatures from world to world.But could you go one step further? If we find life on another star system, could we discover that we’re actually related to them too? Is Galactic Panspermia possible?Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comReferences:https://www.hoyle.org.uk/resources/virusesfromspacecompressed.pdfhttps://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi/meteorites/The_Meteorite.shtmlhttps://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/03211549-lpsc-hermean-meteorite.htmlhttps://www.dlr.de/me/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1752/2384_read-54290/https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Humanoidhttps://phys.org/news/2018-08-timescale-evolution-life-earth.htmlhttps://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1011/1011.0101.pdfhttps://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2013/20130926-gravity-assist.htmlhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1011.0101https://phys.org/news/2010-11-necropanspermia-seeding-life-earth.htmlhttps://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/198/3/723/1012846https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.06414.pdfhttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/hubble-observes-1st-confirmed-interstellar-comet/https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/476/3/3031/4909830https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/hyakutake.htmlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2YkvWdUUNQSupport Universe Today Podcast

If you’ve watched this channel enough, you might have the impression that I hate Venus. It’s possible, just possible I’ve even suggested that the planet is so terrible it should be pushed into the Sun. The reality, of course, is that it’s an absolutely fascinating world - the closest twin to the Earth that we have in the Solar System. It’s nearly the same mass and has the same surface gravity. While Earth is the beautiful life-filled world we all enjoy, Venus is a tortured hellscape, with temperatures hot enough to melt zinc. With atmospheric pressures more than 93 times what we experience here on the surface of Earth. And I always forget about the sulphuric acid rain.The Soviets sent a series of landers to a horrible demise for a glimpse of the surface of Venus in the 70s and 80s. But nobody’s been back since.There have been new techniques and technologies in development that might make a serious exploration of the surface of Venus possible again. Exploration that could help us understand why the planet went so horribly horribly wrong.Our Book is out!https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/Audio Podcast version:ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audioWhat Fraser's Watching Playlist:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1GWeekly email newsletter:https://www.universetoday.com/newsletterWeekly Space Hangout:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/Astronomy Cast:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSgSupport us at https://www.patreon.com/universetodayMore stories at https://www.universetoday.com/Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcainFollow us on Twitter: @universetodayLike us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetodayInstagram - https://instagram.com/universetodayTeam: Fraser Cain - @fcain / frasercain@gmail.comKarla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fwChad Weber - weber.chad@gmail.comReferences:https://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag/vexag_goals_2007.pdfhttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-studying-shared-venus-science-objectives-with-russian-space-research-institutehttps://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/world/soviet-spacecraft-heads-for-comet.htmlhttps://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2015/0305-venus-from-33-years-ago.htmlhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/268472597_Analysis_of_Solar_Cell_Efficiency_for_Venus_Atmosphere_and_Surface_Missionshttps://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2017EA000355https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1243.pdfhttp://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.htmlhttps://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag/meetings/archive/vexag_14/presentations/27-Kremic-Long-Lived%20Venus%20Station.pdfhttps://science.nasa.gov/technology/technology-stories/electronics-demonstrate-operability-in-simulated-venus-conditionshttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/a-clockwork-rover-for-venushttps://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag/meetings/archive/vexag_15/presentations/9-Saunder-AREE.pdfhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9fki7dligUhttps://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2012_phase_I_fellows_landis.htmlhttps://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12905-antique-fridge-could-keep-venus-rover-cool/Support Universe Today Podcast