Sustainability Talks

In this episode of Sustainability Talks, ETF Partners Managing Partner Rob Genieser sits down with two of the leading voices in responsible and ethical AI: Ray Eitel-Porter and Dr. Paul Dongha, co-authors of the new book Governing the Machine. Together, they explore one of the most urgent and overlooked questions in today’s technology landscape: What is the true environmental cost of AI, and how can responsible AI governance accelerate sustainable innovation?As AI adoption accelerates—and generative AI becomes embedded in everything from banking to everyday knowledge work—the conversation turns to the growing climate impact of data centers. Ray and Paul break down the hard truths behind AI’s footprint, from rising greenhouse gas emissions and soaring energy use to the escalating water demands required to cool data centers worldwide. They warn of a collision course between AI’s rapid expansion and global sustainability targets, urging companies to integrate environmental considerations directly into their AI governance and risk frameworks.But this episode isn’t just a wake-up call. It’s a roadmap. Ray and Paul share practical guidance for building trust in AI systems, insights into global regulatory approaches, and a look at how AI can also advance sustainability—from smarter energy grids to more efficient industrial systems.Whether you’re an AI builder, a sustainability leader, or simply trying to understand the future of responsible technology, this conversation is essential listening.In this episode you’ll hear:Why responsible and ethical AI must now include environmental sustainabilityThe rising CO₂ emissions, energy consumption, and water depletion linked to AIHow data center demand is driving new coal-powered generation in some regionsThe role of corporations and regulators in shaping ethical AIThe promise of “sustainable AI” and how organisations can measure their AI footprintThe future of AI governance and the rise of agentic AI systemsKey takeaway:AI’s transformative potential can only be realised responsibly if its environmental impact is managed—ethics and sustainability must evolve together.Chapters: 00:00 The Environmental Impact of AI02:44 Introduction to Responsible AI Governance06:25 The Evolution of Responsible AI09:39 Building Trust in AI Systems12:14 Transparency in AI Governance14:32 Global Perspectives on AI Regulation20:20 The Lag of Legislation Behind Technology22:49 The Role of Corporations in AI Ethics24:03 Trust in International AI Companies27:46 The Future of AI and Consumer Trust30:17 Sustainable AI: A New Paradigm34:42 AI's Role in Energy Efficiency37:03 The Future Landscape of AI GovernanceRead ‘Governing The Machine’ here: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/governing-the-machine-9781399426299  Follow Ray Eitel-Porter here: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rayeitelporter   Follow Dr. Paul Dongha here: https://www.linkedin.com/in/paul-dongha/  Find out more about ETF Partners at: https://etfpartners.capital/   

In this episode our partner Tomer Strikovsky sits down with Thorsten Heller, a pioneer in digital infrastructure for the energy transition. As the founder of Greenbird, an ETF Partners–backed company that became a global leader in data integration for utilities before being acquired by GE Vernova, Thorsten shares his journey from startup founder to corporate innovator — and what it takes to power the grids of the future.They discuss how data integration, AI, and real-time analytics are transforming the way utilities operate — shifting from a one-way to a bidirectional energy flow. Thorsten explains why the invisible layer of data is critical to enabling renewable energy, flexibility, and resilience in the modern grid, and why utilities can no longer operate without AI.In this episode you’ll learn about: Why the energy transition is no longer theoretical — it’s here and accelerating fast.Why Data infrastructure is as vital as physical infrastructure in building a resilient, sustainable grid.Why utilities need to evolve from management to orchestration, powered by AI.How startups can make a global impact — but sometimes joining a bigger platform scales that impact faster.How the next wave of innovation will come from AI-enabled, decentralised grid intelligence.Chapters00:00 The Shift to Bidirectional Energy Flow02:45 The Birth of Greenbird and Its Mission05:15 Understanding the Data Challenge in Utilities08:46 The Spaghetti Architecture of Data Integration11:07 Data's Role in Sustainability and Energy Transition13:10 AI's Impact on Utilities and Data Foundations15:31 The Evolution of Energy Data17:46 Greenbird's Journey to Acquisition22:40 Integration into GE Vernova and GridOS26:57 The Current State of the Energy Transition30:38 AI as a Necessity for Future Grid Management36:23 Advice for Future Energy Tech FoundersAbout Thorsten Heller Thorsten Heller is Chief Innovation Officer at GE Vernova, where he leads efforts to build the next-generation software portfolio GridOS. He was the founder and CEO of Greenbird, a Norwegian startup that became a global leader in data integration for utilities (Utilihive) and was acquired by GE Vernova in 2023. Thorsten has worked with over 200 utilities worldwide and is a recognised thought leader on digital transformation in the energy sector.Follow Thorsten Heller here: https://www.linkedin.com/in/thorstenheller/ Follow Tomer Strikovsky here: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tomerstrik/ Find out more about GE Vernova here: https://www.gevernova.com/ Find out more about ETF Partners here: etfpartners.capital

Explore the extraordinary potential of quantum computing!In the latest episode of Sustainability Talks, ETF Partners’ Managing Partner Patrick Sheehan sits down with Steve Brierley, CEO & Founder of Riverlane, the world leader in Quantum Error Correction, to explore the extraordinary potential of quantum computing.For decades, quantum computing has felt like science fiction — powerful in theory but always just out of reach. That is beginning to change. As Steve explains, we are entering a new era where quantum computers will soon be able to solve problems that even the world’s most advanced supercomputers cannot.The conversation dives into:Why quantum computing is a radically new capability that can solve problems classical computers cannotHow it could revolutionise drug discovery, materials design, and sustainable fertiliser productionThe role of error correction in making quantum computers commercially viableThe huge market potential and environmental impact of this next frontier in technologyHow geopolitics and innovation are shaping the future of computing and AIAs Steve notes, the next few years will be pivotal: the technology is advancing rapidly, investment is scaling, and the race to build a quantum future is intensifying across the globe.This episode paints an inspiring picture of how harnessing the laws of nature at the atomic level could unlock innovations critical to building a more sustainable world.Chapters00:00 The Foundations of Quantum Mechanics02:23 Introduction to Quantum Computing04:10 Understanding Quantum Computing06:32 The Progress and Future of Quantum Computing09:39 The Era of Mega-Qubits11:14 Applications of Quantum Computing13:49 The Market Potential of Quantum Computing16:33 Challenges in Quantum Computing19:42 The Role of Quantum Error Correction24:59 Current Status and Future Trends in Quantum Computing30:27 Geopolitical Implications of Quantum Technology34:51 The Future of Quantum Computing and AIAbout Steve BrierleyDr. Steve Brierley is founder and CEO of Riverlane, a quantum computing company with a difference. Riverlane is the global leader in what is called quantum error correction.Steve founded Riverlane in 2016 to build the error correction stack for quantum computers. Driven by his conviction that fault-tolerant quantum computers will accelerate human progress, Riverlane partners with leading quantum hardware companies to make that happen sooner.Steve has worked in quantum for over 20 years and is an expert advisor to the UK government. He holds a PhD in quantum information, spent a decade in the intelligence community and worked as a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge leading major research projects in quantum computing. In January 2024, Steve was awarded an OBE for his services to quantum computing.Find out more about Riverlane here: https://www.riverlane.comFollow Steve Brierley HEREFind out more about ETF Partners here: https://etfpartners.capital/ 

In this episode of our Sustainability Talks podcast, our Managing Partner Patrick Sheehan sits down with Christoph Gebald, CEO & Founder of Climeworks, the global leader in carbon dioxide removal. Together, they explore how direct air capture (DAC) is evolving from academic research to a commercially viable climate solution — and why it's becoming indispensable in the race to net zero.With over 15 years of experience building DAC technologies, Christoph shares how Climeworks is scaling the science of carbon removal into a business poised to operate at gigaton scale by 2050. Recognised by TIME as one of the most innovative leaders in climate action, he brings unique insight into the intersection of engineering precision, commercial ambition, and climate urgency.In this episode, we cover:What direct air capture is — and why it matters now more than everThe evolution of DAC from lab-scale prototypes to large-scale plantsKey breakthroughs and cost-reduction strategies shaping the fieldThe role of corporate partnerships in driving early adoptionFinancing climate infrastructure and aligning with impact investorsHow Europe’s regulatory leadership is shaping global carbon marketsWhat it takes to turn climate science into scalable business models"We’re no longer just inventing technology — we're building the foundations of a trillion-dollar industry.Why it matters:Direct air capture is one of the few climate technologies that can physically remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. But making it economically viable requires innovation not just in engineering — but in business models, market design, and policy alignment. This episode dives into all three, offering valuable perspectives for investors, corporates, policymakers, and climate tech founders alike.Listen to this episode in full below or on your favourite podcast platform HERE Chapters00:00 Introduction to Direct Air Capture and Its Importance03:02 The Need for Mechanical Solutions in Carbon Removal05:59 Scaling Technology and Cost Reduction in Direct Air Capture08:59 Energy Consumption and Sustainability in Carbon Capture11:55 Market Dynamics and Business Models for Carbon Removal14:59 Cost Reduction Pathways and Future Projections17:56 Building a Business in the Carbon Removal Space25:23 The Trillion Dollar Climate Industry26:22 Understanding Customer Needs in Carbon Credits27:50 From Technology to Full Solutions28:37 The Role of Corporate Partnerships31:29 Navigating Market Volatility35:31 Europe's Market Dynamics and Regulation39:34 Optimism for the Future of Carbon CaptureAbout Christoph Gebald Dr. Christoph Gebald is CEO & Founder of Climeworks, the global leader in carbon removal. With over 15 years of experience in direct air capture technology, Christoph is considered a pioneer in this growing and crucial industry. Under his leadership, Climeworks has developed groundbreaking direct air capture plants that physically remove CO2 from the atmosphere, working toward the ambitious goal of removing carbon dioxide on a gigaton scale by 2050.Recognised by TIME as one of the 100 most innovative leaders driving business climate action, Christoph brings a mechanical engineer's precision and a visionary's outlook to the challenge of climate change. Christoph is a mechanical engineer (ETH Zürich and UC Berkeley) and holds an MSc with distinction and a PhD from ETH Zürich.Find out more about Climeworks HERE Follow Christoph Gebald HERE 

In this episode of Sustainability Talks, our Senior Partner Remy de Tonnac is joined by Patrick Odier — Chairman of Building Bridges, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Lombard Odier Group and President of Swiss Sustainable Finance (SSF) — for a powerful discussion on the urgent need to embed sustainability at the heart of global finance.Patrick brings decades of leadership in the financial world and has emerged as a champion of sustainable investment. In this wide-ranging conversation, he reflects on his personal journey—from a traditional finance background to spearheading pioneering initiatives like Building Bridges, which connects public and private capital around sustainable development.Together, Remy and Patrick explore:Why global finance must become sustainable finance—or risk obsolescenceHow qualitative analysis has reshaped investment strategies over the past 30 yearsThe role of metrics like “temperature contribution” in assessing corporate climate riskThe importance of carbon pricing and accounting for environmental externalitiesThe challenges—and opportunities—posed by political headwinds and regulatory fatigueHow technology and innovation are essential to accelerating the sustainability transitionWhy optimism is a crucial tool in driving long-term systemic changeThis episode is a must-listen for anyone interested in the intersection of finance, sustainability, and innovation, and how collaborative leadership can unlock transformational change at scale.Chapters00:00 The Current State of Sustainability Discussions09:47 Patrick Odier's Journey into Sustainable Finance20:03 Metrics for Sustainable Investment30:00 The Role of Public and Private Capital32:46 Technology and Optimism in SustainabilityAbout Patrick OdierPatrick Odier is Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Lombard Odier Group. He acted as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Bank Lombard Odier & Co Ltd. from 2014 -2022. Previously, he was Senior Managing Partner of the Lombard Odier Group from 2008 until 2022.He joined the Lombard Odier Group in 1982 and completed his training in Zurich, New York, and Montreal before becoming a Managing Partner in 1986. He holds an economics degree from the University of Geneva and an MBA in finance from the University of Chicago.Patrick Odier is president of Swiss Sustainable Finance (SSF). He is also Chairman of Building Bridges. He was Chairman of the Swiss Bankers Association from 2009 to 2016 and was a member of the Board of economiesuisse (Swiss Business Federation) from 2004 to 2022. He also serves on the boards of several academic and philanthropic organisations.Find out more about Lombard Odier Group HERE Find out more about Swiss Sustainable Finance HERE  Find out more about Building Bridges HERE 

In the latest episode of Sustainability Talks, ETF Partners’ Managing Partner Patrick Sheehan is joined by Rafel Jorda Siquier, founder and CEO of Open Cosmos, a company at the cutting edge of space innovation. This conversation takes us on a journey through the stars—exploring how satellites are fast becoming essential tools in the fight against climate change.Founded in 2015, Open Cosmos has quickly become one of the few companies capable of delivering end-to-end satellite missions—from design and build, to launch and operations. From monitoring deforestation and wildfires to enabling space-based AI and telecommunications experiments, Open Cosmos is making space technology more accessible and impactful than ever before.Rafel’s mission is bold: democratise access to space and make satellite data useful and available to organisations of all sizes. In this episode, he shares how Open Cosmos launched its first satellite within just eight months, has maintained a 100% mission success rate, and is now delivering multi-million euro satellite constellations and national geospatial platforms. He also reflects on the importance of collaboration across Europe to grow the space sector and deliver on global sustainability goals.Whether it’s responding to humanitarian disasters, monitoring essential climate variables, or building a 6G telecoms lab in orbit, this episode highlights how space can—and must—play a central role in addressing today’s most urgent planetary challenges.Listen now to learn about:The rapid rise of Open Cosmos and its unique position in the global space marketHow AI-powered satellites like Phisat-2 are enabling real-time climate dataThe Menut satellite and its role in monitoring deforestation and wildfiresWhy governments like Peru are turning to Open Cosmos for sustainable developmentHow Europe can lead the future of space through ambition and cooperationChapters: 00:00 The Multipolar World and Europe's Strengths02:31 Open Cosmos: Revolutionizing Access to Space08:03 Innovations in Satellite Technology and Applications15:34 Real-World Impact of Satellite Data20:42 The Future of the Space Industry26:59 Europe's Role in Global Space Collaboration30:20 The Vision for Open Cosmos and Global Problem SolvingAbout Rafel Jorda As CEO and founder, Rafel leads the Open Cosmos team. From leading the team to delivering the first satellite mission within eight months, to managing the expanding team and range of customers today, Rafel has overseen the overall company strategy and directed its execution, all whilst working towards the original mission of democratising access to space. After studying aerospace engineering at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Barcelona and completing an MBA, Rafel worked at large corporations, such as Airbus Defence and Space, as well as small innovative space start-ups, such as zero2infinity.Find out more about Open Cosmos here: https://www.open-cosmos.com 

Metals are the invisible backbone of our sustainable future, powering electric vehicles, AI infrastructure, renewable energy systems, and global data centres. But with rising demand and tightening supply chains, how prepared are we to meet the needs of the energy transition?In this episode, our partner Tomer Strikovsky speaks with Alon Olsha, Senior Metals and Mining Analyst at Bloomberg Intelligence, to unpack the complex world of metals and mining. Alon brings deep insight into how critical minerals like copper, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements shape everything from climate strategy to geopolitics.Together, they explore:Why copper demand could rise by 70% over the next 25 yearsThe challenges in scaling mining operations to match demandHow China came to dominate the global refining landscapeThe paradox of needing more mining to achieve less carbonThe slow but growing role of innovation and AI in miningEditor's Note: This episode was recorded on the 23rd July, 2025, prior to the unexpected 30 July announcement that the US would exclude raw copper from its tariff measures.Chapters:00:00 The Role of Metals in Global Trade and Sustainability03:12 Understanding Different Categories of Metals05:46 The Demand for Metals in the Energy Transition08:54 Geopolitics and Metal Supply Chains12:01 Challenges in Mining and Production15:13 The Environmental Impact of Mining17:48 The Influence of Major Mining Companies21:06 Technological Innovations in Mining24:07 Future Outlook for Metal Supply and DemandAbout Alon Olsha: Alon Olsha is a Senior Analyst covering Metals and Mining at Bloomberg Intelligence, based in London. With over two decades of experience spanning equity research, fund management, corporate finance, and government advisory, Alon brings deep expertise in global mining markets and decarbonisation strategies. Before joining Bloomberg in 2022, Alon held senior roles within the UK government, including Head of the Carbon Capture and Storage Infrastructure Fund at the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), where he led initiatives supporting the UK’s low-carbon transition. Earlier, he served as a corporate finance advisor to BEIS, focusing on special situations in the steel sector and electric vehicle infrastructure. Previously, Alon was a Senior Equity Analyst at Macquarie, leading coverage of major global mining companies. He began his career in South Africa as a fund manager and analyst at STANLIB and as Associate Director in the M&A advisory team at i capital. Alon holds extensive sectoral knowledge across mining, energy transition, and industrial decarbonisation, offering insight into the evolving dynamics of resource and capital markets.Find out more about Alon Olsha HERE  

In this episode of Sustainability Talks, ETF Partners’ Tomer Strikovsky sits down with Coen van Oostrom, founder and CEO of Edge Technologies, a global leader in sustainable real estate. They explore Coen’s early journey into climate-focused development, the challenges of transforming an emissions-heavy industry, and how Edge became synonymous with high-performance, net-zero buildings.Coen shares sharp insights on how AI is revolutionising construction and building management, why policy engagement matters more than ever, and how sustainability and profitability are not only compatible — they’re mutually reinforcing. It’s a deep dive into the innovation, regulation, and mindset shifts needed to decarbonise the built environment.Key Takeaways:Coen Van Oostrom is a true pioneer in sustainable real estate.Net-zero buildings produce as much energy as they consume — but achieving that requires more than just solar panels.The real estate sector is one of the largest contributors to global carbon emissions.AI and smart data are transforming how we design, operate, and manage buildings.Lifecycle thinking and embodied carbon are becoming central to next-gen construction.Policy engagement is essential to scaling green innovation.The current environmental and economic crises present a once-in-a-generation opportunity to lead the transformation of real estate.Understanding total lifecycle costs is key to unlocking both ROI and sustainability impact.Chapters:00:00 — The Genesis of Sustainable Real Estate02:54 — Navigating Challenges in Real Estate Development05:56 — The Shift to Sustainable Practices09:13 — Understanding Net Zero Buildings12:10 — The Role of Technology in Sustainability15:08 — Defining Sustainable vs. Net Zero Buildings18:04 — Addressing Emissions in Existing Buildings25:19 — Navigating Social Aspects of Technological Interventions28:04 — Innovations in Construction and Real Estate30:31 — Next Sense: Revolutionising Building Management33:41 — AI’s Role in Building Maintenance36:52 — The Future of Decarbonisation in Real Estate39:23 — Leadership and Vision for Europe’s FutureAbout Coen Coen van Oostrom is a true pioneer in sustainable real estate and the founder and CEO of EDGE Technologies. Edge is considered the global leader in sustainable buildings — known for developing the world’s smartest building, equipped with 28,000 sensors and personalised workspace controls. They’re also behind some of the greenest buildings ever certified. Coen started Edge in Amsterdam nearly 30 years ago, and what began as a bold local vision has grown into a global platform. To date, Edge has developed almost 2 million square meters of sustainable real estate across Europe, the UK, and North America, with over €5 billion in projects. In 2022, Macquarie took a significant minority stake, helping to accelerate growth even further. Through Edge, Coen has proven that environmental performance and commercial success don’t just coexist — they actually reinforce each other. 

In this episode of Sustainability Talks, ETF Partners' Zoë VanderWolk sits down with Pavan Sukhdev, CEO and founder of GIST Impact, to unpack one of the most pressing topics in sustainable finance today: the evolution—and the future—of ESG ratings.Pavan is a globally respected voice in sustainability and environmental economics, known for leading the UN’s “Green Economy Initiative” and the landmark TEEB study (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity). As the founder of GIST Impact, he works at the cutting edge of impact measurement, helping companies and investors understand their holistic value—and the externalities that traditional ESG frameworks often overlook.Key Themes from the Episode:Why ESG ratings alone are not enough—and how they’ve become “a pig’s breakfast” of inconsistent metricsThe need for clearer frameworks to evaluate direct and indirect corporate impactsHow to bridge the gap between NGO perspectives and business realitiesThe role of technology in both creating and solving sustainability challengesWhy today’s externalities are tomorrow’s risks—and how investors can use this insight to drive positive change"Be approximately right rather than precisely wrong." — Pavan SukhdevThe conversation follows Pavan’s journey from scientist to banker to sustainability advocate—a path shaped by personal revelations (including fatherhood) and a growing recognition of nature’s invisible economics. His recent TED Talk, “The Birth, Life, Death and Afterlife of ESG Ratings,” sets the stage for a candid, thought-provoking discussion on how we must evolve beyond box-ticking toward true impact investing.Memorable Quotes:"Why would I not want to know these things?""If you want to be sustainable, be positive impact.""Today's externalities are tomorrow's risks."About Pavan SukhdevPavan Sukhdev is the CEO and founder of GIST Impact, a company established in 2008 with the vision of creating a sustainable tomorrow – a world where humans live in harmony with nature and enjoy the benefits of a green and equitable economy of permanence. As the CEO of GIST Impact, Pavan collaborates with corporations and investors, leveraging impact economics and technology to measure a business' holistic value contribution to the world.Pavan's remarkable journey has taken him from scientist to international banker to environmental economist, bringing him to the forefront of the sustainability movement. His extensive work in sustainability and the invisible economics of nature led to his appointment as head of the United Nations' "Green Economy Initiative" and leader of the G8+5 study, "The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity" (TEEB).In his recent TED Talk, "The Birth, Life, Death and Afterlife of ESG Ratings," Pavan walks us through the evolution, challenges, and shortcomings of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) ratings. He envisions an 'afterlife' for ESG ratings, where externalities – a company's indirect impacts or side effects on the environment and society – are accounted for, where we as a society are able to grasp the full picture of corporate impacts, and to use this information to better our decision making and ultimately, sustain our future.

ETF Partners is excited to share the latest episode of Sustainability Talks, where our partner Remy de Tonnac is joined by Mathias Boissonot, CEO and co-founder of Handprint — a company pioneering how businesses generate positive planetary impact.From his early days as a hacker to leading over 200 tech R&D projects across Europe and Asia, Mathias brings a rare blend of tech-savvy and environmental vision. In this wide-ranging conversation, he outlines how Handprint is helping companies transition from extractive to regenerative business models by embedding measurable, nature-positive actions directly into their operations.“A regenerative economy is an economy that benefits nature.”— Mathias Boissonot, Sustainability Talks, Episode 26Here’s what you’ll learn in this episode:Why carbon offsetting isn't enoughMathias challenges the current reliance on carbon offsetting, arguing it often allows businesses to outsource their responsibility. Instead, he champions a proactive model that invests in future ecosystem services — what he calls nature equity.How Handprint uses advanced tech to quantify impactWith tools like satellite imagery, algorithmic verification, and an evolving impact science framework, Handprint enables companies to support vetted, regenerative projects — and measure the value of ecosystem services in real-time.Sustainability as a revenue driverMathias argues that sustainability is not a cost centre, but a strategic growth driver — one that builds brand equity, customer engagement, and long-term value.Advice for founders and leadersFor those looking to align with regenerative models, Mathias offers practical advice: start with transparency, measure impact holistically, and think beyond compliance toward creating demand for sustainability.Tune in now to hear how businesses can go from doing less harm to doing more good — and what the future of regenerative capitalism might look like.About Mathias BoissonotMathias Boissonot is the visionary Chief Executive Officer & Co-Founder of Handprint, the leading Regeneration as a Service platform. Handprint enables corporations to select from a range of curated and verified impact projects aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Handprint cuts up to 80% of the intermediary costs traditionally associated with impact projects thanks to the use of technologies like satellite imagery and machine learning for verification, offering the highest dollar-to-impact ratio in the market.With nearly a decade of experience working on R&D in over 200 tech startups across Europe and Asia, Mathias brings a wealth of knowledge and expertise to the world of sustainable technology. As the founder of Green, an urban gardening IoT company, and a respected contributor and mentor in the startup ecosystem, Mathias is a true innovator in the field.Today, Handprint is on a mission to empower the economy's transition from extractive to regenerative practices. By enabling companies to integrate planet-positive actions into their business activities profitably and seamlessly, handprint is redefining impact for the 21st century. With advanced technology, including verification systems and satellite imagery, handprint is leading the charge in impact science, automation, quantification, and verification.