Medicine and Science from The BMJ

Diabetes is synonymous with sugar, but diabetes insipidus, "water diabetes", can't be forgotten. Between 2009 and 2016, 4 people died in hospital in England, when lifesaving treatment for the condition was not given. In this podcast, we hear some practical tips for non-specialists to aid diagnosis, and how patients should be managed during hospital admission. On the podcast are Miles Levy, consultant endocrinologist from Leicester Royal Infirmary Pat McBride, head of family services at the Pituitary Foundation John Wass, professor of endocrinology at Oxford University Malcolm Prentice, consultant endocrinologist at Croydon University Hospital. Read the full practice article: https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l321

Helen Macdonald and Carl Heneghan are back again talking about what's happened in the world of evidence this month. They start by talking about how difficult a task it is to find evidence that's definitely practice changing, what GPs can learn from Malawian children with nonsevere fast-breathing pneumonia, how radiation dosage varies substantially - and consultant radiologist Amy Davies what that means for patients. They also rail against add-on tests for fertility, and the lack of evidence underpinning their use - will the traffic light system suggested help patients make treatment choices. Carl's rant this week is based on a new study by Steve Woloshin and Lisa Schwartz which documented 20 years of medical marketing in the USA. Reading list: Pneumonia in Malawi - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30419120 Variation in radiation dose - https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.k4931 Traffic light fertility tests - https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l226 Medical marketing - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2720029

The problem we had publishing our feed has been fixed, and normal service has resumed. Thank you for subscribing to the podcast, if you have thoughts you'd like to express, we'd love to hear them. https://www.bmj.com/podcasts

Recent years have seen political and social progress for people who identify as LGBT+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender; the “+” indicating inclusion of other minority sexual and gender identities). Yet international evidence shows ongoing health and social inequalities in this group, many of which emerge during adolescence and represent unique safeguarding risks. In this podcast, Kate Addlington, psychiatry trainee and associate editor at The BMJ is joined by Ginger Drage, expert patient educator at University College London, Jessica Salkind, academic clinical fellow in paediatrics & teaching lead for LGBT+, at Imperial College London and Rosanna Bevan, psychiatry trainee from East London Foundation Trust They discuss the the risks faced by LGBT+ young people, which include increased rates of self harm, suicide, and family rejection or abuse, and what steps clinicians can take to support and intervene if necessary. Read the full practice article: https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l245

Current evidence is sufficient to justify a national screening programme, argues Mark Lown clinical lecturer at the University of Southampton, but Patrick Moran, senior research fellow in health economics at Trinity College Dublin, thinks there are too many unanswered questions and evidence from randomised trials is needed to avoid overdiagnosis Read the full debate: https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l43

Patients who experience chronic rhinosinusitis may way for a considerable period of time before presenting, because they believe the condition to be trivial. In this podcast, Alam Hannan, ENT Consultant at the Royal Throat Nose and Ear Hospital in London, explains why that belief is not founded, and describes which treatments can be effective at providing relief.

The Royal College of Physicians will survey all its members in February on this most controversial question. It says that it will move from opposition to neutrality on assisted dying unless 60% vote otherwise. The BMJ explores several conflicting views. From Canada, palliative care doctor Sandy Buchman explains why he sees medical aid in dying as a compassionate treatment that fully respects patient autonomy. The Canadian Medical Association is neutral on the issue, and Jeff Blackmer, its vice president for international health, shares how that stance enabled it to represent all its members, including doctors with conscientious objections. But many are unconvinced to say the least. Rob George, a UK palliative care doctor and professor at King's College London, says assisted suicide has no place in medicine. Tony Baldwinson, from the UK campaign group Not Dead Yet, worries for disabled people were society to endorse doctors actively ending lives. And Zoe Fritz, a consultant physician in acute medicine at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, has a proposal that she says would protect the doctor-patient relationship. Read all our content at https://www.bmj.com/assisted-dying "Why I decided to provide assisted dying: it is truly patient centred care" by Sandy Buchman https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l412 "How the Canadian Medical Association found a third way to support all its members on assisted dying" by Jeff Blackmer https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l415 "Religious and non-religious people share objections to assisted suicide" by Mark Pickering https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/01/30/religious-and-non-religious-people-share-objections-to-assisted-suicide/ "The courts should judge applications for assisted suicide, sparing the doctor-patient relationship" by Zoe Fritz https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/01/30/the-courts-should-judge-applications-for-assisted-suicide-sparing-the-doctor-patient-relationship/

Jönköping has been at the centre of the healthcare quality improvement movement for years - but how did a forested region of Sweden, situated between it's main cities, come to embrace the philosophy of improvement so fervently? Goran Henriks, chief executive of learning and innovation at Qulturum in Jönköping joins us to explain. He also tells us about Esther, and why she figures so centrally in their planning.

In this EBM round-up, Carl Heneghan, Helen Macdonald and Duncan Jarvies are back to give you an update Dual vs single therapy for prevention of TIA or minor stroke - how does the advice that dual work better translate in the UK? Carl explains why Japan can teach us to get active and, how GPs can use that information to "drop a decade" in aging. Finally, Helen took some time to relax over Christmas - until she read a story in the Christmas edition about gender discrimination in medicine, and it reminded her of her time on the ward. Reading list: The BMJ Practice: Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for acute high risk transient ischaemic attack and minor ischaemic stroke https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4169 Delaying and reversing frailty: a systematic review of primary care interventions https://bjgp.org/content/early/2018/11/30/bjgp18X700241

We have had two articles published recently on bmj.com, looking at drug prevention of HIV; PeP - Post-exposure Prophylaxis and PreP - Pre-exposure Prophylaxis, neither prevent the virus from entering the body, but they do prevent the infection from taking hold. There are lots of questions that doctors have about these - what are the risk profiles of patients who should be offered the treatments? How can they be prescribed? What are the side effects? And if you're in England, where PreP is not yet available on the NHS, can doctors advise their patients to buy it online? Michael Brady, Sexual health and HIV consultant at Kings College Hospital and Medical Director of the Terrence Higgins Trust, joins us to help answer those questions. Further reading BMJ article on PeP https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4928 BMJ article on PreP BASHH guidelines on PreP - https://www.bashhguidelines.org/media/1189/prep-2018.pdf https://iwantprepnow.co.uk http://www.aidsmap.com/