In Pursuit of Development

People living in areas prone to, or affected by, conflict tend to suffer from many types of deprivation. Some scholars argue that conflict is an important driver of severe food crises and famines, and that undernutrition worsens in situations of prolonged conflicts and in countries and regions with weak institutional capacity. In recent years, Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan, South Sudan and Ethiopia are just some of the examples that have been used in the literature to illustrate the close linkages between social and political unrest on the one hand and poverty and hunger on the other.But is there a clear-cut relationship between poverty and violent conflict? There appear to be numerous drivers of violence. These often include political, economic, social and envi­ronmental issues. While socio-eco­nomic inequalities can be a major cause of violence, other causes could include human rights abuses, perceived injustice, systemic corruption, and disagreements over the distribution of natural resources and who gets to benefit from such resources. To discuss some of these issues, I am joined by Patricia Justino who is a development economist and a leading expert on political violence and development. She is the co-founder and co-director of the Households in Conflict Network and is currently a Senior Research Fellow at UNU-WIDER and Professorial Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in Brighton, UK.We discussed the relationship between poverty and violent conflict, the work of the World Food Programme which received the Nobel Peace Prize last year, and the political economy of war zones. We also discussed how the state or armed groups behave in predatory or conciliatory ways towards local populations, how civilians respond to these strategies, and how reports on political violence are produced and disseminated on social media. Patricia Justino's publicationsFollow Patricia  Justino on TwitterFollow Dan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

Our guest this week is Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, the former prime minister of Norway and former head of the World Health Organization. Gro has had an illustrious career in Norway and abroad. In addition to becoming the first female head of the Norwegian Labor party, she became the first female prime minister of Norway in February 1981. And during her second stint as Prime Minister in 1986, her cabinet made world news headlines when she appointed 8 female ministers in a cabinet of 18. In addition to being widely regarded as the most influential Norwegian politician of all time, Gro is also widely known for having chaired the World Commission on Environment and Development, popularly referred to as the Brundtland Commission. The Commission’s influential 1987 report, Our Common Future, popularized and defined the term “sustainable development”. She is also known for her work as Director General of the World Health Organization between 1998 and 2003, during which time she and the WHO coordinated a rapid worldwide response to stem outbreaks of SARS.We discussed the world response to Covid, multilateralism and the role of UN agencies such as the WHO and the current status of the sustainable development discourse. A full transcript of our conversation is available.Dan Banik on TwitterIn Pursuit of Development on Twitter  HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

Welcome to season 2 of the show!Our first guest this season is Francis Fukuyama, one of the most influential political thinkers of our time and someone who has written extensively on international politics and issues of development. He is a senior fellow at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies(FSI) and the director of the institute’s Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (CDDRL),. This conversation was recorded in mid-December 2020 at the height of the controversies surrounding the US presidential election and President Trump’s refusal to acknowledge defeat. And while a new president will shortly be sworn in on the 20th of January, deep political divisions remain. It is therefore particularly useful and timely to revisit Fukuyama’s major two-volume work on the origins of political order and political decay. In these two fascinating books published in 2011 and 2014, he provides an account of how societies develop strong, impersonal, and accountable political institutions.We also discussed his first book, The End of History and the Last Man (1992) and his latest, Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment (2018).Francis Fukuyama on Twitter and InstagramDan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

The focus of this final episode of season 1 is Ethiopia, where the ongoing conflict between the federal government in Addis and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front that controls the Tigray region, is making daily news headlines.Ever since becoming the Prime Minister of Ethiopia in 2018, Abiy Ahmed has undertaken several bold reforms. He has also appointed women in key official positions and freed political prisoners. His efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular his efforts to resolve the border conflict with neighboring Eritrea resulted in him being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019. But there have also been critical voices within the country that have warned against an over-reliance on charisma and announcing major initiatives without adequate preparation and anticipation of potential consequences. Thus, despite the frenetic pace of change the country has witnessed since 2018, many Ethiopians have remained worried over growing income inequality, high levels of youth unemployment, and simmering tensions and factional battles within the ruling coalition. Ethiopia has been one of Africa’s fastest growing economies for the past decade and a half and there has been considerable talk of the country’s rise as potentially the only true “developmental state” in Africa. In addition to rapid economic growth, signature development projects such as the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam have given rise to comparisons with East Asian successes such as South Korea and Taiwan. A country that typically made world headlines for abject poverty and sensational famines, is now considered to be one of the most promising economies on the continent. Ethiopia is also a major contributor to UN peacekeeping operations, which has strengthened its identity as an important security provider externally while at the same time guaranteeing peace and stability for international investors within the country. But the country has also continued to face major obstacles such as its conflict with Egypt over water-sharing agreements, the viability of democratic reforms, and the future of its federal political setup. And now there are widespread fears that a civil war will not only spread and exacerbate ethnic tensions within the country but also destabilise the Horn of Africa. My guest on the show today is Kjetil Tronvoll, who is a well-known Ethiopia expert and is a professor of Peace and Conflict studies at Bjorknes University College in Norway.He has undertaken long-term fieldwork in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Zanzibar, in addition to shorter field studies many countries on the African continent. In addition to publishing extensively on human rights, transitional justice, elections and peace, reconciliation and conflict, Kjetil has served as an advisor to political reconciliation processes and international peace meditating initiatives. He has also participated in election observer missions in several African countries. Follow Kjetil Tronvoll on TwitterFollow Dan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on TwitterResources:“In-depth analysis: Towards Tigray Statehood?”, Addis Standard (May 2020)“Abiy Ahmed Won the Nobel Peace Prize. Now He Needs to Earn It.”, New York Times, op.ed. (October 2019)“Putting Humpty Dumpty together again: the restoration of EPRDF”, Addis Standard (March 2019)“Ethiopian elite lost in electoral maze under Abiy’s gaze”, OpenDemocracy (February 2019) T. Østebo and K. Tronvoll (2020), “Interpreting contemporary Oromo in Ethiopia: an ethnographic approach”, Journal of Eastern African Studies, DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2020.1796255K. Tronvoll (2020) “'Brothers at Peace’: People-to-People Reconciliation in the Eritrean-Ethiopian Borderlands”, War and Society, 39:1, pp. 58-76, DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2019.1701618 HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

China has not only achieved impressive economic growth in recent decades, but has also managed to lift hundreds of millions people out of poverty. How was this possible? What role did Chinese institutions, leaders and bureaucrats play in achieving this impressive result? And how and why China has managed to grow so fast for so long despite pervasive corruption?Yuen Yuen Ang is a professor of political science and an expert on China at the University of Michigan. She has written two award-winning books.In her first book, How China Escaped the Poverty Trap (2016), she explains how policymakers in China were able to design national reform packages and were thus able to create an adaptive environment around the bureaucracy. Local governments also played a key role in achieving poverty reduction. Yuen argues that China’s rise was not the result of top-down control, but rather of so-called “directed improvisation” within a single-party regime.Yuen's most recent book is China’s Gilded Age: the Paradox of Economic Boom & Vast Corruption (2020), where she challenges the conventional wisdom that rich countries became rich by first eradicating corruption. She argues that dominant type of corruption in China is not petty bribery or outright looting but access money – that is elite exchanges of power and wealth. Follow Yuen Yuen Ang on TwitterFollow Dan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter  HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

Some of the most interesting debates on development include the role of democracy in promoting economic growth and then distributing the benefits of growth to achieve poverty reduction. Indeed, some of the questions that have attracted considerably scholarly attention in recent decades include the following: Are certain regimes better able and equipped than others to achieve economic growth? Does democracy work for the poor? Despite considerable research on the topic, the results of the democracy-growth relationship are not always very clear. But there does appear to be stronger linkages between democracy and certain types of development outcomes, including literacy and infant mortality.Guest: Carl Henrik Knutsen is a professor of political science at the University of Oslo. He has for many years studied the democracy-growth linkage and has published extensively on this subject. In a recent piece called the “Business case for democracy”, he argues that democracy works as a safety-net for avoiding the worst possible economic outcomes. And in relation to economic growth, he argues that autocracies have more variation — over countries and across time. Resources:"Democracy and human development: Issues of Conceptualization and Measurement" (2019)"Democracy and economic growth: A Survey of Arguments and Results" (2012)"Why Democracies Outgrow Autocracies in the Long Run: Civil Liberties, Information Flows and Technological Change" (2015)"Reinvestigating the Reciprocal Relationship between Democracy and Income Inequality" (2015)"Party Institutionalization and Welfare State Development" (2019)Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change (2020)"Gaming Democracy: Elite Dominance during Transition and the Prospects for Redistribution" (2013)Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It (2013)Follow Carl Henrik Knutsen on TwitterFollow Dan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter  HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

Income inequality has received considerable attention in recent years. Very few would have predicted that a very thick academic book on wealth and income inequality in Europe and the United States since the 18th century would go on to become an international bestseller. I am of course referring to Capital in the Twenty-First Century– the book published by the French economist Thomas Piketty in 2013. Income inequality was rising in many countries before the pandemic, and recent reports suggest that the Covid crisis is widening inequalities globally. Indeed, the global economy, according to the International Monetary Fund, is expected to contract 4.4 percent cent in 2020. This is bad news for the world’s poor, whose numbers are expected to sharply increase. But Covid has also made the world’s richest even richer. A recent analysis by UBS concludes that the world’s billionaires have grown wealthier in 2020 compared with 2019. And this is not just in the United States or Germany but also in Brazil and China. Thus, the pandemic will most likely deepen inequalities of various kinds.To discuss how global income inequality looks like today, I am joined by Branko Milanovic, one of the world’s most well-known scholars on inequality. He is a visiting presidential professor at The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, and a senior scholar at the University’s Stone Center on Socio-economic Inequality. Professor Milanovic has published extensively on income inequality, in individual countries and globally, including in preindustrial societies. For almost two decades, he served as the lead economist in the World Bank’s Research Department.We discussed income inequality within specific countries and whether the gains of the emerging global middle class in Asia are responsible for the losses of the lower middle class of the rich world. We also spoke about Branko’s latest book, Capitalism Alone: The Future of the System That Rules the World (2019), in which he argues that for the first time in human history, the globe is dominated by one economic system – capitalism. So, what are the prospects for a fairer world now that capitalism is the only game in town?Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization (2016)Branko Milanovic on TwitterDan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

This show has been regularly discussing Beijing’s support for sustainable development initiatives, its provision of aid, technical expertise and finance to developing counties under the South-South Cooperation umbrella, and the numerous infrastructure projects that China is undertaking in Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia as part of the Belt and Road Initiative.A common goal in several of the episodes in this season of the podcast has been to nuance the understanding of China’s recent activities, better understand its motives and reflect on its future strategies and actions. Much of the recent focus in Western media reports on China has focused on the damage that Covid has done to Beijing’s reputation abroad. There have also been growing concerns on how Beijing will react to certain countries defaulting on the huge loans that it has provided for infrastructure construction. But not everyone shares such concerns. And indeed there are numerous voices that have highlighted Beijing’s support for multilateral institutions and its ability to finance and undertake major development projects that the West has long neglected. Guest: Eric Olander is the co-founder of the China Africa project, an independent multimedia organization that explores China’s engagement with Africa. He is a journalist with over three decades of experience reporting, producing and managing newsrooms for some of the world’s leading media organizations including CNN, and the BBC World Service. Eric speaks fluent Mandarin Chinese and has a Master’s degree in International Public Affairs with a focus on Chinese foreign policy from the University of Hong Kong. He also hosts a very popular weekly China in Africa podcast.Eric Olander on TwitterDan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter  HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

The Nobel Peace Prize this year was awarded to the World Food Program (WFP). In its announcement, the Norwegian Nobel committee emphasized that “providing assistance to increase food security not only prevents hunger, but can also help to improve prospects for stability and peace”.The WPF indeed appears to be a worthy winner of this prestigious award. It is the world’s largest humanitarian agency, and currently assists over 100 million people in 88 countries. It is also the frontline UN agency responding to emergencies caused by conflict, climate shocks, pandemics and other disasters. And currently it is involved in addressing ongoing emergencies in 20 countries or regions, the majority of these emergencies have been fuelled by conflict. It has also in recent months warned the international community that acute hunger in the 88 countries in which it operates could reach 270 million people by the end of the year — an 82 percent increase on 2019.For many years, world hunger was on the decline. More food was being produced around the world and access was gradually improving. But since 2014, the number of undernourished people or people facing chronic food deprivation, has been on the rise. Latest estimates from the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN suggest that 9.7 percent of the world population (or slightly less than 750 million people) was exposed to severe levels of food insecurity in 2019. Indeed, in all regions of the world except Northern America and Europe, the prevalence of severe food insecurity has increased from 2014 to 2019. But even this is only a part of the story, because an additional 16 percent of the world population, or more than 1.25 billion people, experience food insecurity at moderate levels. And this group, which is moderately food insecure, does not have regular access to nutritious and sufficient food, even if they are not necessarily suffering from hunger. Some countries, such as Yemen, are on the edge of famine and Covid is making hunger even more acute in large parts of the world. So, the scale of the problem of world hunger is enormous, which makes this year’s Nobel Peace Prize even more relevant and timely.According to several studies, conflict is an important driver of severe food crisis and famines, and undernutrition is particularly a major problem in situations of prolonged conflicts and in countries and regions with weak institutional capacity.Guest: Ida Rudolfsen is a PhD student at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University. She is also affiliated with the Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO). Resources:Covid-19, food access, and social upheaval  (July 2020)The World Food Program won the Nobel Peace Prize. Does food aid boost peace? (Monkey Cage blog, Washington Post, October 2020)Ida Rudolfsen on TwitterDan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter   HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/

In his recent book – ll Winds: Saving Democracy from Russian Rage, Chinese Ambition, and American Complacency (Penguin 2019) – Larry Diamond analyzes the challenges confronting liberal democracy in the United States and around the world at this potential “hinge in history”. The book outlines an agenda for strengthening and defending democracy at home in the US as well as abroad. Larry Diamond  is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) at Stanford University. He is also a professor by courtesy of Political Science and Sociology at Stanford. Professor Diamond has made numerous contributions to topics such as democratic development and regime change; U.S. foreign policy affecting democracy abroad; comparative trends in the quality and stability of democracy in developing countries and post-communist states; and public opinion in new democracies.In addition to serving as advisor to numerous governmental and international organizations throughout his glittering career, Prof. Diamond is also the founding co-editor of the hugely influential Journal of Democracy ."Protecting American Democracy: A Conversation with Larry Diamond" (Stanford Daily, August 2020)"Democratic Regression in Comparative Perspective", open access journal article (June 2020)"Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model" (Comparative Politics, Dankwart Rustow, 1970)Larry Diamond on TwitterDan Banik and In Pursuit of Development on Twitter HostDan Banik (@danbanik @GlobalDevPod)Apple Spotify YouTube Subscribe:https://in-pursuit-of-development.simplecast.comhttps://globaldevpod.substack.com/