The Ex-Worker

A so-called “anarcho-capitalist” has just been elected president in Argentina. What does this mean for anarchists and the prospects for revolutionary change in South America? Spoiler alert: it’s not looking good. In this episode, we share an account from an Argentinian anarchist analyzing the recent rise to power of Javier Milei, an extreme neoliberal economist, in the context of the global turn towards fascist and reactionary populist leaders like Trump and Bolsonaro. You’ll get an in-depth look at the history of center-left rule, military dictatorship, and neoliberal austerity that resulting in the powerful popular uprising of 2001, along with an detailed assessment of the economic challenges, disillusionment with the political class, and failures of the left and radical social movements that facilitated Milei’s rise. This is a disturbing but essential exploration of one of the year’s most important political developments, with critical implications for those of us fighting the culture and politics and fascism around the world. {December 10, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction {0:37} Back to the Future {1:30} “Viva la Libertad!”—Freedom to Work or Starve, to Submit or be Shot {5:53} History Repeats Itself Again {17:30} Ultraliberals, the Military, and Repression: A Love Story {27:18} The “Forces of Heaven” against the Orcs {35:04} Outro/PSA {42:31} This episode offers an audio version of Back to the Future: The Return of the Ultraliberal Right in Argentina, published by CrimethInc. on November 26th. The article quotes from a post-election statement by a coalition of “especifist” anarchist organizations in Argentina. For coverage of recent popular mobilization in Argentina, see our coverage of the 2018 G20 protests in Buenos Aires: Setting the Stage: Background Materials and Logbook November 14–16, Logbook November 17–19: Peronism, Counter-Summit Creativity, and the Schedule of Resistance, and Logbook November 20–22: Security Zones and Shantytowns. This episode discusses in depth the 2001 uprising that succeeded in driving the neoliberal regime from power. The classic zine account is Que Se Vayan Todos: Argentina’s Popular Uprising. Argentina featured one of the world’s largest and most powerful anarchist movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including some of the earliest anarcha-feminist projects. To learn more about this history, you could start with some of these resources: “Anarchism in Latin America” by Ángel Cappelletti, “The Anarchist Expropriators: Buenaventura Durruti and Argentina’s Working-Class Robin Hood” by Osvaldo Bayer, “Anarchism in Argentina” and “Resistencia Libertaria: Anarchist Opposition to the Last Argentine Dictatorship” by Chuck Morse, and “No God, No Boss, No Husband: The world’s first Anarcha-Feminist group.” In case you were confused on this point, “anarcho-capitalist” is an oxymoron. We explore this in more depth in Episode 18 of the Ex-Worker, “What Anarchism Isn’t, Pt 1: Libertarianism and Anarcho-Capitalism.”

On November 13, 2023, demonstrators in southern California blockaded a facility of Raytheon, a defense contractor, in solidarity with the Palestinians on the receiving end of the bombs that it produces. They managed to block the facility for more than seven hours, supported by waves of hundreds of activists joining the action, and succeeded in shutting down operations for the day. This episode offers an audio version of How They Stopped Work at the Raytheon Facility: Report on a Day of Blockading, published on November 15th. Participants summarize how the action was organized and unfolded, police responses, the background of direct actions against the war machine and mobilization in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, and reflections for future resistance. {November 25, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction {0:37} The Action {3:25} Background {8:39} Going Forward {11:56} Outro/PSA {12:38} This episode offers an audio version of How They Stopped Work at the Raytheon Facility: Report on a Day of Blockading, published on November 15th. For evaluations of direct action strategies towards Palestinian solidarity, see our previous articles and episodes “Shutting Down the Port of Tacoma: Reflections from the Salish Sea,” also available as Episode 101 of the Ex-Worker; and “Strategizing for Palestinian Solidarity: Expanding the Toolkit From Demands to Direct Action,” also available as Episode 99. Our coverage of the war in Palestine so far includes “From the Galilee to Gaza—A Voice From Palestine” – also available as Episode 98 – and ““A Nuclear Superpower and a Dispossessed People”: An Anarchist from Jaffa on the Escalation in Palestine and Israeli Repression”. For further background, see “A Coup d’État in Israel? The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism” (March 27, 2023) – also available as Episode 92 of the Ex-Worker - “The Revolt in Haifa: An Eyewitness Report” (2021), and “Contemporary Israeli Anarchism: A History” (2013). For classic strategic analysis, you can also read more about why we don’t make demands and what we mean by direct action.

On November 6, 2023, several hundred people showed up at the Port of Tacoma in Washington State to block access to a shipping vessel that was scheduled to deliver equipment to the Israeli military. This episode shares an account and analysis of the action published on November 10th as “Shutting Down the Port of Tacoma: Reflections from the Salish Sea.” Participants review the history of port blockades in the Puget Sound, share their experience at the protest, and seek to offer inspiration for continued transoceanic solidarity. {November 23, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction {0:36} Escalating Resistance {1:41} Drawing on Decades of Port Blockades {4:03} Gathering at the Port {7:23} Evaluation {11:27} Outro/PSA {17:36} This episode offers an audio version of Shutting Down the Port of Tacoma: Reflections from the Salish Sea. To read more about this action, see the reportback “The Boat That Wasn’t Blocked” on Puget Sound Anarchists. For background on a previous blockade action in the region, check out Episode 61 on The Olympia Train Blockade of 2017. The recent history of port shutdowns in the Northwest includes the Port Militarization Resistance movement blockades of the ports of Olympia and Tacoma to protest against the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan in 2006–2009; coordination between Occupy/Decolonize Seattle ILWU port workers in Longview that shut down the Port of Seattle among other ports in 2011–12; the Block the Boat action in 2014; the “Shell No” lockdown in 2015, Shell No. and the Block the Boat delay of an Israeli-operated ship for weeks in 2021. Our coverage of the war in Palestine so far includes “Strategizing for Palestinian Solidarity: Expanding the Toolkit From Demands to Direct Action” - also available as Episode 99 of the Ex-Worker; “From the Galilee to Gaza—A Voice From Palestine” – also available as Episode 98 – and ““A Nuclear Superpower and a Dispossessed People”: An Anarchist from Jaffa on the Escalation in Palestine and Israeli Repression”. For further background, see “A Coup d’État in Israel? The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism” (March 27, 2023) – also available as Episode 92 of the Ex-Worker - “The Revolt in Haifa: An Eyewitness Report” (2021), and “Contemporary Israeli Anarchism: A History” (2013). For classic strategic analysis, you can also read more about why we don’t make demands and what we mean by direct action.

On April 19, 2023, a Russian anarchist named Dmitry Petrov was killed in battle near Bakhmut, Ukraine. In this episode, we offer a eulogy remembering Dmitry as an uncompromising anarchist fighter who participated in an unbelievable amount of radical activity around the region. His extraordinary life spanned anarchist organizing as a teenager in Moscow; environmental defense, radical unionism, and refugee solidarity activism; years of underground direct action against police, military, and profiteers from gentrification; participating in the Maidan protests in Ukraine, uprising against dictatorship in Belarus, and the struggle against the Islamic State in Rojava; co-founding the Anarcho-Communist Combat Organization; and finally taking up arms against Russian imperialism in Ukraine. This episode combines an incomplete biography of his life in combat against all forms of hierarchy and domination, along with a translation of his text “The Mission of Anarchism in the Modern World,” a remembrance published by the Anarcho-Communist Combat Organization titled “Dima Ecolog’s Partisan Path”, and a song inspired by his direct action. Join us in commemorating the life of a powerful anarchist comrade who will be dearly missed. {November 7, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction {0:36} A Life in Combat {5:26} Appendix I: The Mission of Anarchism in the Modern World {38:28} Appendix II: “Dima Ecolog’s Partisan Path” {57:15} Appendix III: “Black Blog Fighter” by Electric Partisans {1:09:55} Outro {1:14:23} This episode offers an audio version of In Memory of Dmitry Petrov: An Incomplete Biography and Translation of His Work, published on May 3rd, 2023. It includes an account of his life and anarchist activity assembled by CrimethInc. operatives (be sure to check out the original article for all the links to the source material), along with Dmitry’s text, “The Mission of Anarchism in the Modern World,” a tribute from his fellow fighters from the Anarcho-Communist Combat Organization titled “Dima Ecolog’s Partisan Path” (here in the original Russian), and a song based in part on his activities called “Black Blog Fighter” by the Russian punk band Electric Partisans. A print version of this text in the form of a small book is available from Active Distribution in Europe. We hope to announce soon that copies will be available for purchase in the US via PM Press; we’ll update this link when that comes to pass. Here is a partial archive of Dmitry’s writings, public statements, and publishing projects: A Collection of Dmitry’s Writings in English—courtesy of the Anarchist Library Dmitry speaking at May Day 2009 in Moscow (starting at 5:23) Dmitry speaking at the Ukrainian House (UkrDom) during the Maidan, in February 2014. (At this meeting, Dima spoke about the experiences of Russian protesters, drew parallels between the liberation struggle in both countries, and proposed the idea of ​​people’s power as an alternative to vertically organized power represented by professional politicians.) You can read Dmitry’s reports from the 2014 uprising in Ukraine in full here: Part I, Part II, Part III, Part IV, Part V, Part VI, Part VII, Part VIII, Part IX, Part X “Social revolution in Kurdistan”—A lecture with N.L. Gadaeva on March 30, 2017 Red and Black Devils—A news article about anarchist arsons in Ukraine Life without a State: Revolution in Rojava—A book Dmitry participated in, published in 2017 Kurdistan: Real Democracy in Conditions of War and Blockade—Another book Dmitry participated in Sarah: My Whole Life Has Been a Struggle—Another book Dmitry helped with For a discussion of the complexities of formulating an anarchist anti-war strategy that does not effectively cede the field to state militarism, you could begin with this article from the Russian-language anarchist website Autonomous Action, “In the Spirit of Sholem Schwarzbard - Addressing Confusion about the War in Ukraine” Dmitry Petrov was killed alongside two other anarchist fighters, Cooper Andrews and Finbar Cafferkey. You can read about Cooper’s motivations in his own words here and consult a eulogy from his comrades here. You can learn about Finbar’s lifelong activism here, read an interview with him here, and listen to a song of his here.

This episode discusses the urgent need for action to stop the Israeli bombardment of Gaza, proposing a shift from making demands to taking direct action. It explores the connection between the struggle for Palestinian liberation and US colonialism, highlighting the effectiveness of direct actions and targeting war profiteers. The chapter also analyzes the strategy of tertiary targeting in campaigns and emphasizes the need for diverse strategies.

As the Israeli military escalates its slaughter of Palestinians in Gaza and societies around the world fracture and clash over the conflict, we want to amplify anti-authoritarian voices from within the territory to share their experiences and analysis. In this short but moving account, we present the perspective of a Palestinian living in the north of Palestine, who speaks about different aspects of life under colonization and about the struggle for liberation through grassroots organizing and solidarity. {November 1, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction {0:34} A Voice From the Galilee in Palestine {2:18} “Who’s a Terrorist?”—The Manufacture of Consent {6:18} The System versus the People {8:20} PSA / Outro {10:27} This episode is an audio version of the article “From the Galilee to Gaza: A Voice From Palestine”, originally published on October 17, 2023. For more coverage of Palestinian struggles and Israeli anarchist analyses and solidarity efforts, see ““A Nuclear Superpower and a Dispossessed People”: An Anarchist from Jaffa on the Escalation in Palestine and Israeli Repression” (October 8, 2023), “A Coup d’État in Israel? The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism” (March 27, 2023), “The Revolt in Haifa: An Eyewitness Report” (2021), and “Contemporary Israeli Anarchism: A History” (2013).

Prosecutors in Georgia have charged activists protesting against a planned police militarization facility known as "Cop City" with violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. Georgia Attorney General Chris Carr has indicted 61 people on RICO charges. In this episode, we explore the ramifications of this more or less unprecedented stage of repression. {Oct 6, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   This episode is an audio version of the September 5th article “Understanding the RICO Charges in Atlanta.” For more information, check out this video recording of an online seminar organized by the National Lawyers Guild: Understanding the RICO Indictments Against Stop Cop City Activists. For more background on the ways that this law has been wielded as a tool of repression against social movements, see “On the Political Use of RICO Charges.” For further coverage and analysis of the last year of struggle in the forest in Atlanta, check out the articles Balance Sheet: Two Years against Cop City–Evaluating Strategies, Refining Tactics {February 28, 2023}, which evaluates the strategic hypotheses that the movement has produced and tested over the past two years and reflects on the risks and possibilities of the next phase of the struggle; Defending Abundance Everywhere: A Call to Every Community From the Weelaunee Forest {March 2, 2023}, a collection of short essays that draws on the struggle to defend the forest to reflect on the abundance that exists in our communities and in the more-than-human world; Atlanta Police and Georgia State Patrol Are Guilty of Murder: The Evidence and the Motive {April 20, 2023}, which exposes the truth about the police’s killing of Tortuguita in the forest; and “Living in an Earthquake: The Fight against Cop City Confronts Unprecedented Repression” {June 1, 2023}, which explains the latest rounds of repression and domestic terrorism charges. For more Ex-Worker Podcast audio coverage of the movement, check out Episode 85, “Stop Cop City / Defend Weelaunee Forest, Part I: History and Analysis”, which presents an audio version of our April 2022 article The City in the Forest: Reinventing Resistance for an Age of Climate Crisis and Police Militarization; Episode 86, “Stop Cop City / Defend Weelaunee Forest, Part II: Accounts and Solidarity”, which narrates the August 2022 article Beneath the Concrete, The Forest: Accounts From the Defense of the Atlanta Forest; Episode 96, which narrates the February 2023 account The Forest In The City: Two Years Of Forest Defense In Atlanta, Georgia. Stay up to date on the latest developments, calls to action, and more by following Stop Cop City Soliidarity – which includes a very helpful target map to help plan actions against the project’s supporters and funders – the Atlanta Community Press Collective, StopCop.City, Defend the Atlanta Forest linktree, and the Atlanta Solidarity Fund. The Ex-Worker is a proud member of the Channel Zero Network, an English-language anarchist radio and podcast network run by radical media makers. You can find episodes from other anarchist podcasts covering the struggle to defend the forest in Atlanta and Stop Cop City, including The Final Straw Radio, This is America, from It’s Going Down, and more.

This episode continues the Ex-Worker Podcast’s coverage of the movement to Stop Cop City and defend the Weelaunee Forest in Atlanta, Georgia. In this episode, we present an audio version of The Forest In The City: Two Years Of Forest Defense In Atlanta, Georgia, originally published February 22, 2023, which continues the chronology of the movement whose origins we reported in episodes 85 and 86. In this eloquent and nuanced narrative, you’ll hear a detailed account of the movement’s second year, from the frenzy of activity in spring 2022 through the third and fourth weeks of action, waves of backlash and repression, and the tragic murder of forest defender Tortuguita, up to the eve of the March 2023 week of action. In addition to a chronology of developments and actions, the article shares insights learned by participants in the movement about relations with the media, the significance of music and the arts in social struggles, the importance of optimism and confidence, the risks of specialization, and many more aspects of revolutionary strategy. We encourage all of our listeners to learn what you can from this account, and to take action to support forest defenders and fight back against Cop City and its world. To learn more, be sure to check out the show notes and links, and stay tuned for forthcoming audio versions of more of CrimethInc.’s coverage of the struggle. {May 25, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction {0:37} The Forest in the City: Two Years of Forest Defense in Atlanta, Georgia {3:13} The Stakes of the Fight {3:37} Taking the Initiative {9:05} The Spring Was Ours {11:29} Third Week of Action (May 2022) {13:47} Hell is Empty, All the Devils Are Here {16:52} They Don’t Understand Who We Are {20:31} They Tried to Break Us: Post-Week Raid {25:05} Full Court Press {28:30} Speaking for Ourselves {30:00} Momentum Breeds Resistance {39:23} The Tree People {41:18} New Openings {43:40} Luring Them In {46:42} The Fourth Week of Action {49:12} The Sound of Music {49:46} Weelaunee People’s Park {51:59} The Kids Will Have Their Say {57:14} Fall {1:02:48} Gridlock and Innovation {1:05:49} Preparing for a Clampdown {1:11:45} The Repression {1:13:36} We Are All Forest Defenders {1:16:06} Destruction in Weelaunee People’s Park {1:19:02} Regaining Confidence {1:21:24} Injunction Overruled {1:24:40} January 18, 2023 {1:26:38} The Shooting {1:29:21} Tortuguita Vive, la Lucha Sigue {1:32:02} Indomitable Resistance {1:35:30} Is Everything Coming to a Head? {1:42:55} Blood in the Water {1:45:23} This episode offers an audio version of the article The Forest In The City: Two Years Of Forest Defense In Atlanta, Georgia, originally published February 22, 2023. Please note that this audio version does not include the article’s Appendix, which offers a day-by-day chronology of events with links to media coverage; we thought that including this in the audio version would feel redundant for listeners, and the episode is already nearly two hours long! If you’re interested, you can consult the original article to read this and check out the links it includes. For further coverage and analysis of the last year of struggle in the forest in Atlanta, check out the articles Balance Sheet: Two Years against Cop City–Evaluating Strategies, Refining Tactics {February 28, 2023}, which evaluates the strategic hypotheses that the movement has produced and tested over the past two years and reflects on the risks and possibilities of the next phase of the struggle; Defending Abundance Everywhere: A Call to Every Community From the Weelaunee Forest {March 2, 2023}, a collection of short essays that draws on the struggle to defend the forest to reflect on the abundance that exists in our communities and in the more-than-human world; and Atlanta Police and Georgia State Patrol Are Guilty of Murder: The Evidence and the Motive {April 20, 2023}, which exposes the truth about the police’s killing of Tortuguita in the forest. For more Ex-Worker Podcast audio coverage of the movement, check out Episode 85, “Stop Cop City / Defend Weelaunee Forest, Part I: History and Analysis”, which presents an audio version of our April 2022 article The City in the Forest: Reinventing Resistance for an Age of Climate Crisis and Police Militarization, and Episode 86, “Stop Cop City / Defend Weelaunee Forest, Part II: Accounts and Solidarity”, which narrates the August 2022 article Beneath the Concrete, The Forest: Accounts From the Defense of the Atlanta Forest. Stay up to date on the latest developments, calls to action, and more by following Stop Cop City Soliidarity – which includes a very helpful target map to help plan actions against the project’s supporters and funders – the Atlanta Community Press Collective, StopCop.City, Defend the Atlanta Forest linktree, and the Atlanta Solidarity Fund. The Ex-Worker is a proud member of the Channel Zero Network, an English-language anarchist radio and podcast network run by radical media makers. You can find episodes from other anarchist podcasts covering the struggle to defend the forest in Atlanta and Stop Cop City, including The Final Straw Radio, This is America, from It’s Going Down, and more.

On February 6, 2023, two powerful earthquakes hit southern Turkey and Northern and Western Syria, inflicting tremendous damage and killing tens of thousands of people. But there was nothing “natural” about this disaster: the lethal combination of negligence and repression imposed on the people of the region by the authoritarian regimes of the Turkish and Syrian states is directly responsible for the misery. This episode offers an audio version of the article “Disasters of State: The Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria”, originally published on March 16, 2023. It includes two texts, the first from supporters of the movements for liberation in the regions of Bakur and Rojava and the second from supporters of the revolution in western Syria. These offer different vantage points on how the Turkish and Syrian governments not only failed to protect their subjects but used this catastrophe as an opportunity to consolidate power and target their adversaries via neglect, blockading, and even bombing. Against the opportunism and violence of the state, we are inspired by the international grassroots mobilization with which communities around the world have responded to the earthquake. But in order for these efforts to succeed, we have to understand both the earthquakes and the state as aspects of the same catastrophe and take action against both of them. {May 23, 2023} -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction {0:37} Disasters of State: On the Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria {2:16} Statement about the Earthquakes from the Bay Area Mesopotamia Solidarity Committee {4:59} In Syria, the Sieve of an Earthquake {12:57} Back to a Revolution {16:30} The Denial of Politics {19:39} Confronting the Ba’ath Regime and Its Supporters {24:03} This episode is an audio version of the article “Disasters of State: The Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria”, originally published on March 16, 2023. The article includes a statement from the Bay Area Mesopotamia Solidarity Committee, and translation of a text by Hamza Esmili and Montassir Sakhi courtesy of some of our comrades from the Syrian Cantina in Montreuil. Some of the solidarity projects recommended by our comrades that you can donate to in support of relief efforts include: The White Helments, Molham Volunteering Team, Association Revivre, and Mehad. CrimethInc. has published many articles on the revolution in Rojava, the Syrian Civil War, struggles against the Turkish state, and the political dynamics of the region in recent years. To read more, we recommend: “War in Ukraine: Ten Lessons from Syria” {2022}, “One Year Since the Turkish Invasion of Rojava: An Interview with Tekosina Anarsist on Anarchist Participation in the Revolutionary Experiment in Northeastern Syria” {2020}, “The Roots of Turkish Fascism and the Threat it Poses” {2019}, “Why the Turkish Invasion Matters: Addressing the Hard Questions About Imperialism and Solidarity” {2019}, “Interview with the Internationalist Commune in Rojava” {2019}, “The Nationalists and the Jihadists Together, and Against Them Only Autonomous Resistance” {2019}, “The Threat to Rojava: An Anarchist in Syria Speaks on the Real Meaning of Trump’s Withdrawal” {2018}, “The Struggle is not for Martyrdom, but for Life” {2017}, “The Syrian Underground Railroad: Migrant Solidarity Organizing in the Modern Landscape” {2017}, [“Rojava: Democracy and Commune” https://crimethinc.com/2016/05/19/rojava-democracy-and-commune) by Paul Z. Simons {2016}, “Understanding the Kurdish Resistance: A Historical Overview and Eyewitness Report” {2015}; “Turkish Anarchists on the Fight for Kobane” {2015}, and “Postcards from the Turkish Uprising” {2013}. We’ve also got a poster featuring Trump and Erdogan you can download. Several past episodes of the Ex-Worker have discussed the situation in the region, focusing on the movements building autonomy in Rojava as well as the political context in Turkey, Syria, and elsewhere in the region. To listen to more, check out Episode 36, “The Rojava Revolution” {May 2015} and Episode 39, “The Rojava Revolution, Part II” {July 2015}; and the four episode “Defend Rojava!” series in October 2019, including #66, “The Turkish Invasion”, #67, “Understanding the Kurdish Resistance”, #68, “The So-Called ‘Ceasefire’ and What’s At Stake”, and #69, “More Interviews on Revolution and Solidarity”. Our friends at The Final Straw Radio have also produced several episodes in recent years on Rojava, Syria, and Turkey. An excellent book to read more about the early years of the Rojava Revolution is A Small Key Can Open a Large Door {2016}.

In December 2022, a wave of popular protests led by campesino and Indigenous movements swept across Peru, including a nationwide mobilization in the capital. In response, the government has decreed a state of emergency, and the police have killed more than 60 people and injured thousands. For a direct view of these events, we spoke with Peruvian anarchists, hoping to get perspective on the aspects of this movement that exceed state politics. This episode narrates The Uprising in Peru, an interview conducted by comrades in Latin America with participants in Periodico Libertária, an anarchist publication based in the territory of Peru, originally published on February 19th. The comrades discuss the centrality of campesino and indigenous participation in the uprising, the brutality and racism of the police and their connection to the former dictatorship, the failures and opportunism of the political left, regional tensions across the Peruvian state, and different forms that anarchism takes in the region. (April 20, 2023) -------SHOW NOTES------   Table of Contents: Introduction: The Uprising in Peru {0:37} Interview with Periodico Libertária {4:25} Conclusion {25:33} This episode is an audio version of The Uprising in Peru: Anarchists Discuss the Revolt Against Police Violence and the State of Emergency, published on February 19, 2023. We interview members of Periodico Libertária, an anarchist publication based in the territory of Peru. Some references made in the interview for which you might want some additional context: the terruqueo, an anti-leftist discourse used by sectors of the Peruvian government to portray their opponents as terrorists; Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), a Maoist guerrilla group active in Peru; here’s a link to an anti-authoritarian, anti-colonial take on the group from the 1990s.