Centralization and Independence in European Bishops

The Vatican represents the most extreme centralization of power in Europe, with the College of Cardinals becoming a powerful institution that elects the Pope. However, in Europe, there is variation in the independence of bishops. Most bishops are either allied with rulers or are members of noble families, such as in Germany and England. The secular control over the church, seen in England even today, highlights the lack of complete separation between bishops and rulers. The idea of electing leaders, which originated in the highly centralized and authoritarian Catholic church, influenced fundamental institutions and ideas in Europe. Although the church did not aim to establish a democracy, it had rules requiring decisions that affect all to be decided by all. Church councils were called to represent different communities and make binding decisions. These introduced the principles of binding consent and representation, which emerged in the 10th century and influenced Europe's political landscape.