Dr. Vijay Kuchroo, the Samuel L. Wasserstrom Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, delves into the fascinating interplay of autoimmunity and cancer immunotherapy. He highlights the essential conditions for differentiating Th17 cells and their critical roles in autoimmune diseases. A significant revelation includes his lab’s discovery of Tim-3, a novel T cell inhibitor receptor now being leveraged for cancer treatments. The conversation is enriched with insights on the impacts of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies on the tumor microenvironment, making it a must-listen for immunology enthusiasts.