This conversation features Tom Moynihan, an intellectual historian and research associate at Oxford University, who explores how past generations viewed existential risks. He reveals that until the 18th century, many believed extinction was impossible, shaped by the 'principle of plenitude.' Moynihan discusses historical perceptions of extraterrestrial life and how these ideas influenced thoughts on humanity’s permanence. Ultimately, he encourages a modern reevaluation of our understanding of extinction, existential risks, and the significance of historical context in shaping our future.