In this insightful discussion, Thomas Hartung, a leading expert in biomedical innovation from Johns Hopkins and Georgetown, shares his vision for replacing animal testing with human organoids. He reveals how these 3D organ models and AI are transforming drug discovery, enhancing safety, and cutting costs. The conversation touches on the ethical implications of using organoids in cognitive tasks and the rapid advancements made during the COVID-19 vaccine development. Hartung also speculates on the future of brain organoids in studying diseases like autism and Alzheimer's.