Shelly Kagan, a prominent philosopher in contemporary ethical discussions, discusses his book 'How to Count Animals, More Or Less' and explores the moral status of animals. He introduces a hierarchical approach to morality, examines different perspectives on animal ethics, explores the concept of speciesism, and delves into the distinctions between humans and animals. The episode also touches on objections to the hierarchical view, rule-based approaches in moral philosophy, and the moral treatment of animals.