Scott A. Flanders, MD, an expert on community-acquired pneumonia, and Valerie M. Vaughn, MD, MSc, discuss key insights into its diagnosis and treatment with Mary McGrae McDermott, MD. They explore the evolving definitions and classifications of CAP. Signs, symptoms, and the impact of the lung microbiome are emphasized. The conversation also covers emerging challenges in diagnosing mycoplasma and Legionella infections, antibiotic stewardship, and the importance of personalized therapy, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.