Russell Hurlburt, a psychology professor at the University of Nevada, offers insights into the hidden layers of our thoughts. He introduces his innovative technique, descriptive experience sampling, which uses random beeps to catch real-time thoughts, revealing how many don't rely on language. The conversation explores the diversity of internal experiences, highlighting unsymbolized thinking and the impact of attention on thought processes. Hurlburt also discusses how understanding these intricacies can enhance self-awareness and shed light on mental health, including conditions like depression and schizophrenia.