Jon Cohen, a Senior News Correspondent for Science Magazine, shares his insights from reporting in Lesotho and Eswatini, highlighting the devastating effects of U.S. funding cuts on HIV treatment, especially for vulnerable populations. Robin Wordsworth, the Gordon McKay Professor at Harvard, delves into the exciting potential of using microbes to cultivate plastics, drugs, and food on Mars, envisioning innovative ways to sustain life in extreme environments. The discussion ties together critical global health issues and pioneering solutions for future human habitation beyond Earth.