Peter Lindert, Distinguished Professor Emeritus at UC Davis, dives into the mechanics of government social spending. He discusses the historical rise of social programs, particularly in Northwest Europe, and emphasizes the role of universal education in promoting equality. Lindert critiques the shift in funding towards the elderly and wealthy since 1910, while exploring the implications of welfare dynamics in various political systems. He brings insights on the economic impacts of immigration and the challenges facing retirement and social security amidst an aging population.