
Max Botner
Scholarly critic of penal substitution and contributor to theological discussions on the atonement, engaging here in a debate over substitution, participation, and interpretations of sacrificial texts.
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Jan 26, 2026 • 24min
Scholars Scuffle Over the Atonement Part Two
Max Botner, a scholarly critic of penal substitution in atonement studies, joins a lively debate. They clash over substitution versus participation and whether Levitical sacrifices imply vicarious punishment. The discussion dives into Isaiah 53, hand‑laying rituals, and how representation and substitution might coexist in Christ.


