Historian Larry Wolff discusses empires, orientalism in Eastern Europe, and the Enlightenment era's perception of the region. The conversation examines the historical construction of Russia as a civilizing power, explores Mazepa's evolving portrayal, and compares Voltaire's and Rousseau's philosophies on Russia and Poland. Additionally, the podcast delves into the historical roles of Woodrow Wilson and Lenin in international politics post-World War I.