In this discussion, Hollie Booth, a conservation scientist at the University of Oxford, shares insights into shark and ray populations in Indonesia, the world's largest shark-fishing nation. She explores a unique pay-to-release initiative, aimed at incentivizing fishermen to free accidentally caught sharks. While this method shows promise for some species, it also reveals unexpected outcomes, like increased mortality for hammerhead sharks. Booth emphasizes the need for tailored conservation strategies and highlights the complexities behind effective wildlife protection.