Harvey Lederman, a philosophy professor, discusses propositional attitudes and reference in language models. They explore higher-order metaphysics, syntactic types, and ontological categories. They also delve into the challenges of extreme vagueness, perspectivism, and the context-sensitivity of language. The podcast covers topics such as identity statements, propositional attitude psychology, sense and reference, and the attribution of beliefs to language models. Additionally, they discuss n-gram models, novel reference, and the intersection between AI and the philosophy of language.