Erin Kelly, expert on theories of punishment and advocate for restorative justice, discusses the main theories of justification for punishment and challenges they face. She explores the shift from retributive to restorative justice, examines retributive and consequence-oriented theories of punishment, and suggests restorative justice as an alternative. The significance of listening to people's stories in clarifying ethical concerns is emphasized, along with the need to consider real-world society in approaching ethical problems.