Clifford Woolf, a Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and a leading authority on pain, dives into the complex nature of physical pain. He discusses how pain is not a simple on-off switch but a multifaceted experience shaped by biological, psychological, and cultural factors. Woolf explains the four distinct types of pain and their purposes, explores the intricate link between pain and addiction, and highlights innovative research that could revolutionize pain management through personalized treatments and advanced technology.