Limitations of Proposed Models

Recent studies suggest that only three specific classes of models can potentially avoid the implications of the BGV theorem regarding the universe's beginning. These models include bouncing, emergent, and asymptotically emergent universes, which are based purely on mathematical analyses without demonstrated physical plausibility. Furthermore, many of these speculative models violate critical energy conditions, which raises doubts about their viability. As a result, reconciling these theoretical findings with empirical observations remains essential for developing robust cosmological models.