Origins of Totalitarianism: The Political Emancipation of the Bourgeoisie
Nov 2, 2023
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In this podcast, Roger Berkowitz discusses Hannah Arendt's analysis of the rise of Fascism and Communism. Topics include the role of the bourgeoisie, the contradictions of expansion and imperialism, corruption of the civil service and its link to racism, and Hannah Arendt's interpretation of Thomas Hobbes. They also explore the alliance between the mob and capital, the dangers of dividing mankind into master races and slave races, and the connection between private interest, politics, and authoritarianism.
The emergence of the bourgeoisie class and their involvement in politics led to the birth of imperialism and the decline of nation states.
The pursuit of power and expansion by the bourgeoisie class aligned with Thomas Hobbes' philosophy and contributed to the erosion of the nation state and the rise of imperialism.
The collaboration between the mob and capital in the imperialist era created a new sense of nationalism and racism, leading to the destruction of the nation state and the rise of totalitarianism.
Deep dives
The Political Emancipation of the Bourgeoisie
The podcast discusses the emergence of the bourgeoisie class and their entrance into politics during the era of imperialism. The bourgeoisie, driven by their desire for wealth and profit, initially sought to stay out of politics. However, as their home markets became saturated, they ventured into other countries to expand their businesses. This led to the need for political power to protect their investments, resulting in the birth of imperialism. As imperialism grew, the power and importance of nation states declined, giving rise to a globalized economy. Nationalist institutions attempted to resist imperialist aspirations but were eventually weakened, particularly when the German bourgeoisie aligned with the Hitler movement. This alignment resulted in the destruction of the nation state, as power shifted to the mob and the institutions that could protect individuals from imperialist pursuits crumbled. This chapter explores the role of the bourgeoisie in the decline of the nation state, the birth of imperialism, and the march towards totalitarianism.
The Desire for Power and the Role of the Bourgeoisie
The podcast delves into the connection between power, imperialism, and the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie, driven by the pursuit of power and money, sought to expand their economic reach beyond their home markets. This desire for expansion led to their involvement in politics and the use of the state's armies to protect their investments abroad. Consequently, the nation state's limits were overridden, and imperialism became the dominant force. The podcast highlights how the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, which views power as the fundamental passion of man, aligns with the bourgeoisie's aspiration for power and limitless expansion. This philosophy contributes to the erosion of the nation state and the rise of imperialism as the prevailing political order.
The Mob and the Allure of Imperialism
The podcast explores the link between the mob and capital in the imperialist era. It discusses how superfluous individuals, who were marginalized by capitalism and had no clear role within their nations, found purpose and identity in global imperialist adventures. These individuals joined forces with the owners of excess wealth, establishing an alliance that aimed to dominate and exploit subject peoples. The podcast emphasizes that this collaboration between the mob and capital created a new sense of nationalism and racism, which allowed the mob to maintain a sense of belonging and coherence. The result was the emergence of an imperialist class that sought power and racial superiority, leading to the destruction of the nation state and the rise of totalitarianism.
Imperialism as an Unraveling of Nations
The podcast examines how imperialism undermines the idea of the nation state and its institutions. As imperialism expands, the power of the nation state weakens, and civil services become corrupted. The decline of nations occurs as the ruling class prioritizes its own interests over the common good, causing divisions within the government. The abdication of the civil service's responsibility to serve the nation as a whole further contributes to the erosion of the nation state. Consequently, imperialist ambitions lead to the transformation of nations into races, with imperialists dividing mankind into master races and slave races. The podcast suggests that the decline of nations and the rise of imperialist power could potentially lead to the doom of the Western world.
The Significance and Relevance of Hobbes' Philosophy
The podcast highlights the significance of Thomas Hobbes' philosophy in understanding the origins of imperialism and totalitarianism. It emphasizes that Hobbes' focus on power as the overriding pursuit of man and his depiction of the bourgeois man as driven solely by the desire for power offer valuable insights into the imperialist era. The podcast also notes that while Hobbes' ideas were not explicitly racist, they laid the groundwork for racist ideologies by prioritizing power and establishing a framework for dividing mankind based on the idea of superiority. It further suggests that Hobbes' philosophy serves as a foundation for understanding the alliance between the mob and capitalism, contributing to the decline of nations and the rise of imperialism.
This episode of Reading Hannah Arendt with Roger Berkowitz deals with Chapter 4 of Origins of Totalitarianism: The Political Emancipation of the Bourgeoisie. Our podcast follows the book that we are reading in our current Virtual Reading Group (VRG), which meets weekly on Fridays at 1 PM EST. We are currently reading Arendt's classic analysis of the 20th century, The Origins of Totalitarianism. In Origins, Arendt tracks the rise of Fascism and Communism and explores what differentiates these regimes from past authoritarian systems.
THE HOST
Roger Berkowitz is Founder and Academic Director of the Hannah Arendt Center at Bard College. He is editor of The Perils of Invention: Lying, Technology, and the Human Condition and co-editor of Thinking in Dark Times: Hannah Arendt on Ethics and Politics (2009), and Artifacts of Thinking: Reading Hannah Arendt's Denktagebuch (2017). Berkowitz edits HA: The Journal of the Hannah Arendt Center and the weekly newsletter Amor Mundi. He is the winner of the 2019 Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought given by the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Germany.
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