Xiangli Ding, "Hydropower Nation: Dams, Energy, and Political Changes in Twentieth-Century China" (Cambridge UP, 2024)
Feb 15, 2025
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Xiangli Ding, an associate professor of history specializing in modern China and environmental history, discusses his book, highlighting the dual nature of hydropower in China. He explores the historical evolution of dams, revealing their impact on landscapes and communities. The conversation delves into the human cost of hydropower development in the 1950s, emphasizing resettlement challenges. Ding also examines the interplay of energy, ecology, and political change, illustrating how infrastructure projects reshaped not just energy systems but also social dynamics.
The development of hydropower in China reflects a complex relationship between technological advancement, state policies, and societal demands throughout the 20th century.
Large hydropower projects not only disrupt local communities and ecosystems but also underscore the importance of integrating human stories into infrastructure planning and policymaking.
Deep dives
The Evolution of Hydropower in China
The historical development of hydropower in China reflects the complex interplay of technological progress, political movements, and societal needs. Initial knowledge of using water for power dates back to ancient times, but modern hydroelectric projects gained traction in the late 19th century through Western missionaries who introduced advanced techniques. Influential figures like Sun Yat-sen advocated for harnessing hydropower as a means to achieve national independence and development. This laid the groundwork for further exploration and implementation of hydropower projects across China, especially during the tumultuous 20th century.
The Concept of Hydropower Nation
The term 'hydropower nation' encapsulates both the technological and political dimensions of hydropower development in China. It signifies a narrative where hydropower not only serves as an energy source but also plays a critical role in state-building and national identity. This dual nature reveals how hydropower projects intertwine with socio-political objectives, as seen in the writings of early 20th-century elites who viewed energy independence as essential for sovereignty. Understanding this concept helps to analyze the broader environmental and societal implications of hydropower schemes throughout China's modern history.
Displacement and Human Impact of Hydropower Projects
Hydropower projects, particularly large-scale dams, often result in significant social disruption and displacement of communities. The San Menxia reservoir project serves as a poignant example, where over 430,000 people were forcibly relocated, negatively affecting their livelihoods and identities. These experiences highlight the disconnect between state-driven goals and individual realities, emphasizing the need for a more humane approach to infrastructure development. Ultimately, recognizing these human stories is crucial for addressing the historical injustices faced by displaced populations and for informing future policymaking.
The Environmental Consequences of Hydropower
The environmental effects of hydropower projects differ significantly between large dams and smaller infrastructure initiatives. Large dams often lead to extensive ecological disruption, including altered river flows, biodiversity loss, and displacement of local populations, due to their sheer scale and forceful implementation. Conversely, small-scale hydropower projects can be beneficial to local communities but still have potential negative impacts such as river fragmentation and habitat destruction if not carefully managed. Evaluating these projects requires a nuanced understanding of their environmental consequences to maximize benefits while minimizing harm.
As a rising infrastructure powerhouse, China has the largest electricity generation capacity in the world today. Its number of large dams is second to none. In Hydropower Nation: Dams, Energy, and Political Changes in Twentieth-Century China(Cambridge UP, 2024), Xiangli Ding provides a historical understanding of China's ever-growing energy demands and how they have affected its rivers, wild species, and millions of residents. River management has been an essential state responsibility throughout Chinese history. In the industrial age, with the global proliferation of concrete dam technology, people started to demand more from rivers, particularly when required for electricity production. Yet hydropower projects are always more than a technological engineering enterprise, layered with political, social, and environmental meaning. Through an examination of specific hydroelectric power projects, the activities of engineers, and the experience of local communities and species, Ding offers a fresh perspective on twentieth-century China from environmental and technological perspectives.
Xiangli Ding is an associate professor of history at the Rhode Island School of Design. He considers himself a historian of modern China and environmental history. At RISD, he teaches courses on East Asian and Chinese histories. His research interests lie at the intersection of the environment, technology, politics, and human life in modern China. He is the author of Hydropower Nation: Dams, Energy, and Political Changes in Twentieth-Century China (Cambridge University Press, 2024), and multiple research and review articles in both English and Chinese.
Yadong Li is a socio-cultural anthropologist-in-training. He is registered as a PhD student at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of economic anthropology, medical anthropology, hope studies, and the anthropology of borders and frontiers. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here.