Eric Storm, "Nationalism: A World History" (Princeton UP, 2024)
Jan 1, 2025
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Eric Storm, a Dutch historian and author of "Nationalism: A World History," dives into the intricate evolution of nationalism from the 18th century to contemporary movements. He reveals how nationalism shapes cultural identity through arts, media, and even consumerism. Storm discusses the birth of the nation-state during the French Revolution and contrasts nationalist narratives worldwide, emphasizing shared patterns. He also tackles the impact of neoliberalism on national identity and challenges faced by post-empire federations, showcasing nationalism's pervasive influence.
Eric Storm highlights the global evolution of nationalism, emphasizing its cultural manifestations in cuisine, cinema, and the arts across diverse regions.
The transition from monarchy to the nation-state represents a crucial shift in sovereignty, redefining citizenship and its inclusivity beyond language and ethnicity.
Deep dives
The Global Perspective on Nationalism
Nationalism is explored as a global phenomenon that transcends its traditional Western narrative, with significant similarities observed across various regions. The author emphasizes the importance of territorial identity in nationalism and critiques the focus on unique case studies, which often lead to a narrow understanding of the concept. By studying nationalism comparatively across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, common trends emerge, particularly in cultural aspects like national cuisines and cinema, that reflect a shared timeline in the evolution of nationalist movements. This perspective challenges the dominant view of nationalism that typically centers on ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, advocating for a broader understanding of nations as communities of citizens.
The Evolution of the Nation-State
The transition from monarchy to the nation-state is identified as a pivotal moment marked by the French Revolution, asserting that sovereignty shifted from kings to the people. This redefinition allowed for a more inclusive understanding of nationhood, where legal inhabitants—regardless of their language—could share citizenship rights. The radical notion that the state exists to serve the people was a dramatic departure from traditional systems where subjects served their monarchs. This model of the nation-state has shaped political structures globally and remains the prevailing form of governance.
Romanticism and the Rise of National Identities
The Romantic movement significantly influenced the concept of nationalism, as artists and thinkers began linking language and culture to national identity, igniting the development of distinct national cultures. By the mid-19th century, this romanticism gave way to a more pragmatic approach in the arts and sciences, which began examining everyday realities and further entrenched the nation-state as the fundamental unit of analysis. This period also highlights the paradox of nation-building, where national identities were largely constructed rather than naturally occurring. Intellectuals and artists actively created national narratives through literature and art, laying the groundwork for the more dramatic nationalistic fervor seen in the subsequent century.
The Complex Legacy of Nationalism
Nationalism took on radical forms in the 20th century, driven by evolving ideologies and the backdrop of world wars, which significantly shaped global politics. This period witnessed a shift from optimistic views of progress and cooperation to a more protective and often imperialistic national stance, epitomized by the emergence of social Darwinism. The two world wars redefined nationalist movements, with the First World War fueling global aspirations for independence while the Second World War demonstrated the perils of nationalism when used for imperial ambition. Post-war responses to the failures of nationalism led to explorations of transnational ideologies, yet contemporary identity politics have revived nationalistic sentiments, complicating the narrative of nationalism in today's geopolitical landscape.
The current rise of nationalism across the globe is a reminder that we are not, after all, living in a borderless world of virtual connectivity. In Nationalism: A World History(Princeton UP, 2024), historian Eric Storm sheds light on contemporary nationalist movements by exploring the global evolution of nationalism, beginning with the rise of the nation-state in the eighteenth century through the revival of nationalist ideas in the present day. Storm traces the emergence of the unitary nation-state--which brought citizenship rights to some while excluding a multitude of "others"--and the pervasive spread of nationalist ideas through politics and culture.
Storm shows how nationalism influences the arts and humanities, mapping its dissemination through newspapers, television, and social media. Sports and tourism, too, have helped fashion a world of discrete nations, each with its own character, heroes, and highlights. Nationalism saturates the physical environment, not only in the form of national museums and patriotic statues but also in efforts to preserve cultural heritage, create national parks, invent ethnic dishes and beverages, promote traditional building practices, and cultivate native plants. Nationalism has even been used for selling cars, furniture, and fashion.
By tracing these tendencies across countries, Storm shows that nationalism's watershed moments were global. He argues that the rise of new nation-states was largely determined by shifts in the international context, that the relationships between nation-states and their citizens largely developed according to global patterns, and that worldwide intellectual trends influenced the nationalization of both culture and environment. Over the centuries, nationalism has transformed both geopolitics and the everyday life of ordinary people.