Foucault: Madness & Civilization (History of Madness)
Jan 11, 2021
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The podcast delves into Michel Foucault's groundbreaking work on madness and civilization, exploring how societies have viewed and treated madness over time. It questions the blurred boundaries between reason and madness, the historical segregation of lepers and the mentally ill, and the paradox of madness as a form of wisdom in the Renaissance period. Foucault's work challenges traditional notions of reason, raising difficult questions about the nature of madness and society's attitudes towards it.
Madness was viewed as having wisdom in the Renaissance, leading to banishment and isolation.
Foucault challenges societal constructs of madness, questioning the boundaries of reason and impact of societal attitudes.
Deep dives
Evolution of Madness Treatment in History
In the past, madness was often dealt with through expulsion or confinement. During the Renaissance, the mad were banished or transported away, believed to possess unique wisdom. The Age of Reason brought about a fear of madness, leading to confinement in institutions like the Oppertal General in Paris. Foucault's work highlights the tension between societal norms and the treatment of mental illness.
From Moral Institutions to Transitional Approach
In the 17th century, madhouses were established as semi-judicial institutions, blending assistance and punishment. The asylum at York, led by Quaker William Tuke, shifted towards a moral treatment model, emphasizing patient responsibility and moral consciousness. Doctors in asylums acted as moral arbiters rather than medical practitioners, aiming for moral uniformity and discipline.
Complexities of Madness and Reason
Foucault's examination challenges traditional views on madness, emphasizing its historical context and societal constructs. Questions arise on the proximity of wisdom and folly, the boundaries of reason, and the impact of societal attitudes on defining and treating mental illness. Foucault's work prompts a reevaluation of how madness is perceived and approached.
Michel Foucault’s History of Madness (abridged in English as Madness and Civilization) was a revolutionary exploration of how our interpretations and experience of madness have changed over time, and how they’re not quite as ‘rational’ – or even more ‘rational – than they first appear. Everyone who was worked on the history of psychiatry since has worked in Foucault’s shadow. He looked at history not as a history of administration, of records or politics, or what the psychiatrists said happened, but as a question of something was experienced and how what we think of as timeless actually changes over time. He introduced difficult and exciting questions in both history and philosophy. Where might the voice of the excluded and silenced be heard? To what extent is madness a product of society’s attitudes towards it. ‘How,’ he writes ‘can a distinction be made between a wise act carried out by a madman, and a senseless act of folly carried out by a man usually in full possession of his wits? ‘Wisdom and folly are surprisingly close. It’s but a half turn from the one to the other.’What does it mean to transgress? And how is it possible to reach something out of reach, something beyond reason. What does it mean to be mad? Insane? Crazy?Do these things exist outside the realms of reason?If they’re unreasonable how can they be understood by reasonable means?Foucault looks at leprosy and the leper colonies, ships of fools, renaissance madness as a type of wisdom, the great confinement during the Enlightenment, different aspects of madness and how they were made sense of, and finally, William and Tuke and the birth of the asylum.Then & Now is FAN-FUNDED! Support me on Patreon and pledge as little as $1 per video: http://patreon.com/user?u=3517018