Eric Helleiner, "The Neomercantilists: A Global Intellectual History" (Cornell UP, 2021)
Oct 29, 2024
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Eric Helleiner, a political science professor at the University of Waterloo, dives into the world of neomercantilism and its intellectual roots. He traces the evolution of economic thought from the late 18th century, emphasizing key figures and the diverse origins of protectionist ideas globally. The discussion highlights the relevance of such strategies in today's economic climate, particularly the rise of nationalism and the influence of China and the U.S. on global economic policies. Helleiner’s insights reveal how historical perspectives can reshape modern economic approaches.
The podcast highlights the historical roots and intellectual diversity of neomercantilism, emphasizing its global origins and various interpretations beyond the Western context.
It discusses the contemporary resurgence of protectionist policies in response to neoliberalism, illustrating how nations are revisiting mercantilist strategies to enhance economic competitiveness.
Deep dives
Understanding Neo-Mercantilism
Neo-mercantilism is defined as a modern interpretation of earlier mercantilist ideas, which advocated for strategic economic protectionism and government involvement to enhance state power and wealth. This belief system contrasts with capitalism, particularly as mercantilist policies may not necessarily align with capitalist principles. The distinction lies in the mercantilist approach that favors government intervention to develop competitive local industries aimed at increasing a nation's economic standing in global markets. Such policies, including subsidies and strategic trade protections, aim to foster a more self-reliant economic environment that can secure long-term benefits for the state.
Influential Theorists: Hamilton and List
Alexander Hamilton emerges as a foundational neo-mercantilist thinker, advocating for local manufacturing in the United States to reduce reliance on agricultural exports as recommended by Adam Smith. He argued that a strong manufacturing sector was crucial for national defense and economic stability, promoting protectionist measures such as tariffs and subsidies to support domestic industries. Similarly, Friedrich List, a prominent figure in neo-mercantilist thought, critiqued free trade while advocating for state intervention to foster industrial growth, emphasizing the importance of nationalism in economic policy. Both thinkers contributed significantly to the development of strategies aimed at enhancing their respective nation's economic power through organized, protective economic policies.
The Impact of Neo-Mercantilism in Asia
The influence of neo-mercantilism is notably significant in East Asian economic development, where countries like Japan and South Korea have employed state-led industrialization strategies. In Japan, the Meiji Restoration marked a pivotal turn as leaders, familiar with both local mercantilist traditions and Western thought, implemented policies that prioritized strategic trade protectionism to enhance competitiveness. Similarly, in Korea, historical precedents of local mercantilism laid the groundwork for a developmental state that pursued rapid industrial growth. Furthermore, Chinese thinkers in the 19th century formulated neo-mercantilist ideas independently, advocating for state activism to assert national power in the face of imperialist pressures, culminating in the economic strategies adopted by the Communist Party in modern China.
Legacy and Modern Applications
The resurgence of neo-mercantilist ideas in contemporary political discourse reflects a growing discontent with neoliberal economic policies characterized by unfettered free trade. In the United States, both left and right political factions have embraced protectionist measures reminiscent of historical practices advocated by figures like Hamilton and Carey. Globally, rising powers such as China continue to pursue state-led industrial policies, challenging the liberal order established post-World War II. This strategic shift indicates that nations are increasingly recognizing the value of mercantilist policies in fostering domestic economic growth and ensuring competitiveness amid global economic uncertainties.
At a time when critiques of free trade policies are gaining currency, The Neomercantilists: A Global Intellectual History(Cornell UP, 2021) helps make sense of the protectionist turn, providing the first intellectual history of the genealogy of neomercantilism. Eric Helleiner identifies many pioneers of this ideology between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries who backed strategic protectionism and other forms of government economic activism to promote state wealth and power. They included not just the famous Friedrich List, but also numerous lesser-known thinkers, many of whom came from outside of the West.
Helleiner's novel emphasis on neomercantilism's diverse origins challenges traditional Western-centric understandings of its history. It illuminates neglected local intellectual traditions and international flows of ideas that gave rise to distinctive varieties of the ideology around the globe, including in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia. This rich history left enduring intellectual legacies, including in the two dominant powers of the contemporary world economy: China and the United States.
The result is an exceptional study of a set of profoundly influential economic ideas. While rooted in the past, it sheds light on the present moment. The Neomercantilists shows how we might construct more global approaches to the study of international political economy and intellectual history, devoting attention to thinkers from across the world, and to the cross-border circulation of thought.
Eric Helleiner is an author and professor of political science and the Faculty of Arts Chair in International Political Economy at the University of Waterloo.
Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel. Twitter.