Selects: How Extinction Works

This book, originally published in 1829, presents Georges Cuvier's analysis of the major geological upheavals that have shaped the earth's surface and the consequent changes in the animal kingdom. Cuvier discusses the causes of these revolutions, including displacements of the sea floor, erosion, volcanic activity, and sediment deposits, emphasizing that current geological processes alone cannot explain ancient upheavals. The work is notable for its early integration of geology and paleontology, illustrating how past catastrophic events influenced species extinction and the fossil record.

In this book, Charles C. Mann presents recent research findings that suggest human populations in the Western Hemisphere were more numerous, culturally sophisticated, and environmentally influential than previously thought. Mann argues that pre-Columbian Indians were not sparsely settled in a pristine wilderness but instead actively molded and influenced their environment. He highlights the advanced cities, such as Tenochtitlan, which had running water and clean streets, and discusses the significant impact of European diseases on Native American populations. The book challenges traditional views of Native American societies and their technological and social complexity.

In this book, Leakey and Lewin discuss how human activities are leading to a catastrophic reduction in the number of plant and animal species on Earth. They argue that humans have become the primary cause of this sixth extinction, similar to the five major extinctions documented in the fossil record. The authors emphasize the need for humans to recognize their impact on the global ecosystem and to take conscious actions to mitigate this destruction.

In '1493', Charles C. Mann explores the global effects of the Columbian Exchange, which followed Columbus's first landing in the Americas. The book details how this exchange led to a global homogenization of species, diseases, and tools, significantly impacting the rise of Europe, the decline of imperial China, and the convulsion of Africa. Mann also discusses how Mexico City became a central hub where Asia, Europe, and the Americas interacted, and how these exchanges have influenced today's political disputes, trade policies, and cultural wars. The book is based on extensive research from biologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, and historians, offering a comprehensive and fascinating look at the origins of modern globalization.