Dr. Daniel Mitchard, a particle physicist from Cardiff University’s Lightning Lab, dives into the electrifying world of lightning. He discusses the surprising fact that no lightning occurs at the poles and reveals why a car is the safest shelter during storms. Lightning survivor Kerry Evans shares her harrowing experiences, while Professor Karen Aplin explains the discovery of lightning on other planets, like Mars. They uncover whimsical atmospheric phenomena like sprites and pixies, merging science with captivating stories.
Lightning strikes can occur in various forms, with cloud-to-ground discharges being the most recognizable and dangerous during storms.
The discovery of lightning on other planets could significantly influence future plans for colonizing Mars and understanding extraterrestrial atmospheres.
Deep dives
Understanding Lightning Formation
Lightning forms as a result of charged particles in clouds seeking a path to ground. As charge builds up, it eventually overcomes the air's insulation and creates a sudden discharge visible as lightning. This phenomenon involves a rush of electrons that ionizes gases in the air, creating light and explosive sound, known as thunder. The energy level during this discharge reaches approximately 30,000 degrees Celsius, significantly hotter than the sun's surface.
Types and Dynamics of Lightning
There are various types of lightning, including cloud-to-ground and cloud-to-cloud discharges, each possessing different characteristics. Cloud-to-ground lightning is the familiar jagged fork seen during storms, while cloud-to-cloud lightning can create sheets of light without connecting to the ground. Lightning can also be influenced by factors such as atmospheric conditions, causing it to take unexpected paths due to variations in air conductivity. This leads to a complex interplay of charge movements that explains the different shapes and behaviors of lightning.
Lightning and Its Global Distribution
Lightning strikes occur globally, with an estimated three million strikes happening each day. Areas closer to the equator typically experience more frequent lightning events due to conducive weather patterns, while polar regions see significantly less lightning. The chances of being struck by lightning vary greatly depending on geographical location, with thousands of fatalities reported globally each year. However, in many developed regions, the risk remains low, yet awareness is crucial for safety.
The Challenges of Harnessing Lightning Energy
While lightning generates an immense amount of energy in a short burst, capturing this energy poses significant challenges. The unpredictability of lightning strikes makes it difficult to channel and store this energy effectively, as current technology cannot accommodate the rapid discharge. Historical attempts to harness lightning, such as Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment, illustrate the longstanding fascination with this phenomenon. Despite its potential, practical applications for lightning energy remain largely in the realm of imagination rather than reality.
If there’s one type of discharge you really want to avoid, it’s lightning, but what happens when it hits you?
We hear from lightning survivor Kerry Evans, and discover that the best place to shelter – if you ever find yourself in a similarly charged storm – is in a car, or low to the ground. And why this is never a good time to take a selfie.
Dr Dan Mitchard from Cardiff University’s excitingly-named Lightning Lab explains why there's no lightning at the poles, and the presenters lament that polar bears and penguins are missing out.
We all know about the gods of lightning, but the mysticism doesn't stop there. Above cloud level there are many other types of unusually-named phenomena, reaching to the edge of space, including sprites, trolls and even pixies.
And Professor Karen Aplin reveals that lightning has even been discovered on other planets, in a science story that could affect our plans to colonise Mars.
Contributors:
Dr Daniel Mitchard, Lightning Laboratory, Cardiff University
Professor Karen Aplin, University of Bristol
Producer: Marijke Peters
Executive Producer: Alexandra Feachem
A BBC Studios Audio Production
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