Ep415 - Ray Jackendoff | The Peculiar Logic of Value
Jan 26, 2024
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Ray Jackendoff, a guest author, discusses the conceptualization of value and its various types such as affective value, utility, prowess, normative value, personal normative value, and esteem. He explores the role of linguistics in understanding the mind and brain and the study of value by different disciplines, including biology and psychology. The podcast also delves into reciprocity, restitution, altruism, and the polysemous nature of words like 'virtue'.
Different types of value, such as affective value, utility, prowess, normative value, personal normative value, and esteem, play distinct roles in our value systems.
Values can impact behavior and decision-making, influence linguistic expressions, and are culturally contingent and learned through norms and rules.
The abstract and complex logic of values governs our perception and attribution of values, interacting and influencing behavior, and raising questions about their evolutionary origins and purpose.
Deep dives
Types of values
In this podcast episode, linguist and philosophy professor, Ray Jackendoff, discusses the different types of values that humans conceptualize. He highlights affective value (pleasure or pain), utility (what is good for someone), prowess (being good at something), normative value (conforming to social norms), personal normative value (being a good person), esteem (good reputation), resource value (good to have), and quality (the relative quality of objects or events). Each type of value plays a different role in our value systems and affects our reasoning and actions.
The complexity of value systems
Ray Jackendoff explains the complexity of our value judgments and the reasoning involved. He discusses how values can affect behavior and decision-making, such as choosing actions with higher value, determining what is fair or deserving of punishment, and the role of reciprocity and restitution. He also touches on the connection between value systems and linguistic expressions of value.
Cultural and individual variations
Jackendoff emphasizes that value systems are culturally contingent and vary across societies. He explores how values are learned through cultural norms and rules and how values can change over historical time. Additionally, he raises open questions about the evolutionary origins of value systems and the extent to which they are innate or shared with other social mammals.
The peculiar logic of value
Jackendoff coins the term 'peculiar logic of value' to describe the abstract calculating system that governs our perception and attribution of values. He explains how values can interact, influence behavior, and be subjectively or objectively assigned. The complexity and interplay of values are essential elements to understanding the role of values in human cognition and decision-making.
Implications and future inquiries
The podcast episode raises questions about the purpose and benefits of different value systems for individuals and cultures. Jackendoff discusses the potential evolutionary reasons for the development of value systems, the formation of virtues, and the role of self-deception in the internal calculations of value. The episode prompts further research into topics like the acquisition of values in children, the impact of value systems on societies, and the possibility of universal ethical principles.
Ray Jackendoff visits Google to discuss "The Peculiar Logic of Value", which centers on how humans conceptualize systems of value.
Jackendoff hypothesizes that value is conceptualized as an abstract property attributed to objects, persons, and actions. There are several distinct types of value - Affective value, or “does it feel good or bad?” Utility, or “is it good for me?”; Prowess, or “is someone good at doing something”; Normative value, or “is it good of someone to do something?”; Personal Normative value, or “is someone a good person?”; and Esteem, or “does someone have a good reputation?”. Each of these kinds of value plays a different role in the ecology of our value systems.
Ray Jackendoff is a Professor of Philosophy and the Codirector of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University. He is the author of many books, including "Foundations of Language”.