Trauma and Survival: Eddy de Wind and Viktor Frankl with Dan Stone, PhD (London)

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Nov 3, 2024

Dan Stone, a modern history professor and director of the Holocaust Research Institute, delves into the interplay of trauma and survival in the context of the Holocaust. He contrasts Viktor Frankl's meaning-centric theories with Eddy de Wind's views on depersonalization in survival scenarios. Stone also discusses how psychoanalytic concepts illuminate our understanding of antisemitism and the historical relationship between psychoanalysis and the Holocaust. His insights provide a profound look into the psychological mechanisms that shaped survivor experiences.

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INSIGHT

Psychoanalysis Illuminates The Holocaust

The Holocaust serves as a paradigmatic case for psychoanalytic concepts explaining projection, fantasies, and racism.
Dan Stone argues psychoanalysis and history together enrich understanding of Nazism and antisemitism.

INSIGHT

Shift From Trauma To Survival

Dan Stone reframes trauma discussion from timing to survival: what enabled some to live through adult trauma?
He foregrounds luck as the central survival variable while exploring additional contributing factors.

ANECDOTE

Frankl's Famous Survival Narrative

Viktor Frankl became famous via Man's Search for Meaning, asserting inner resources helped survivors endure camps.
Dan Stone finds Frankl's emphasis problematic and potentially demeaning to victims who tried yet died.

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"The Holocaust seems to me to be the paradigmatic case of the acting out of unconscious fears, fantasies and projections onto another group that has ever occurred. It is the place therefore for psychoanalytic concepts in understanding anti-Semitism and racism more generally. Particularly in this context and thinking about Nazism and Nazi perpetrators is crucial, especially given what for me is so interesting about this is not just thinking as a historian and how can I borrow psychoanalytic ideas to enrich the thing I am interested in explaining. Also, because the history of psychoanalysis is bound up with this history. It’s why I cited Fenichel and Loewenstein - the idea of psychoanalysis as this ‘Jewish science’, of the emigrates all persecuted by Nazism and how they restarted their lives in the US or elsewhere, the grappling with the German psychoanalysts after the war, the conflicts in the International Psychoanalytic Association after the war - these are all part of the history of the Holocaust. For me, this combination of the history of psychoanalysis as an endeavor, plus the usefulness of psychoanalytic concepts in trying to explain this phenomenon in the first place is a hugely enriching conversation.”

Episode Description: We begin with outlining the tension within the 'complemental series' where external events and intrapsychic registration of those events are both contributors to psychic difficulties. This applies to early as well as later life traumas. Dan's book invites us to additionally consider the conflicting psychoanalytic contributions to the question of what enables survival. All research points to the essential dimension of luck in enabling survival in concentration camps. As a historian he fleshes out the contrasting viewpoints of analysts Eddy de Wind and Viktor Frankl as they each describe what they felt were the essential psychological qualities that contributed to survival. De Wind and others point to a state of stupor, also characterized as estrangement or dissociation, as an essential state of mind to facilitate surviving in overwhelming circumstances. He shares with us why he as a historian feels that an analytic way of thinking is essential as "history without psychoanalysis cannot access aspects of the human experience that elude rational thought - and there are sadly many."

Our Guest: Dan Stone, PhD, is Professor of Modern History and director of the Holocaust Research Institute at Royal Holloway, University of London, where he has taught since 1999. He is the author of numerous articles and books, including, most recently: The Holocaust: An Unfinished History; Fate Unknown: Tracing the Missing after World War II and the Holocaust; and Psychoanalysis, Historiography and the Nazi Camps: Accounting for Survival. He is also the co-editor, with Mark Roseman, of volume I of the Cambridge History of the Holocaust. Dan chaired the academic advisory committee for the Imperial War Museum London’s redesigned Holocaust Galleries (opened in 2021) and is a member of the UK’s Advisory Group on Spoliation Matters.