In this engaging discussion, Chris Morrison, a professor and researcher at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, unpacks the intricate connections between protein restriction and metabolism. He reveals how animals prioritize nutrients, the fascinating role of the liver hormone FGF21 in signaling protein deprivation, and the balancing act between protein intake and longevity. Listeners will learn about the body's defenses against nutrient deprivation and the surprising impacts on behavior and appetite—offering insights that could reshape our understanding of dietary choices.
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insights INSIGHT
Longevity Findings May Depend On Lab Context
Lifespan extension from dietary restriction may reflect lab conditions lacking pathogens and predators, so benefits might not generalize to wild environments.
Protein restriction can impair immunity and wound healing, posing trade-offs outside controlled settings.
insights INSIGHT
Liver Makes FGF21 As A Protein Signal
The liver senses amino acid status and secretes FGF21 as a hormonal 'warning call' during protein restriction.
FGF21 levels rise massively on low-protein diets and became the prime candidate signal to the brain.
insights INSIGHT
FGF21 Is Necessary For Low-Protein Responses
Knocking out FGF21 prevents nearly all classic low-protein responses: hyperphagia, increased energy expenditure, and preference shifts.
FGF21 is therefore essential for the adaptive response to protein restriction in mice.
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The effects of protein restriction on metabolism, liver hormones, brain, and behavior.
Episode Summary: Dr. Christopher Morrison talks about how animals sense and prioritize nutrients like protein, discussing defense mechanisms for essentials such as oxygen, water, sodium, and energy; the brain's role in detecting protein deprivation via signals like FGF21; trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and longevity under protein restriction; and reconciling high-protein diets for satiety and muscle maintenance with low-protein benefits for metabolic health and lifespan extension.
About the guest: Christopher Morrison, PhD is a professor and researcher at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where he has worked for over 22 years focusing on nutrition, metabolism, and chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes.
Discussion Points:
The body prioritizes nutrients hierarchically: oxygen and water first, then sodium, energy, and protein, with weaker defenses for carbs or fats.
Animals develop specific appetites for deprived nutrients, like salt or protein, often through post-ingestive learning rather than just taste.
Protein restriction (e.g., 5% vs. 20% in diets) increases food intake and energy expenditure in mice to maintain protein levels, even at the cost of extra calories.
FGF21, a liver hormone, signals protein deprivation to the brain (via NTS region), driving protein-seeking behavior and metabolic changes; it's essential for low-protein responses.
Protein restriction extends lifespan in lab animals by suppressing growth signals like IGF-1 and mTOR, but may impair immunity or wound healing in real-world conditions.
High protein aids satiety, weight loss, and muscle building, but overconsumption may shorten lifespan; optimal intake depends on age, activity, and goals (e.g., not for pregnant or elderly).
No one-size-fits-all for protein: mild restriction may benefit middle-aged sedentary people for health, while athletes need more; balance avoids excesses.
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M&M 106: Diet, Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Taste, Whole vs. Processed Food, Obesity & Weight Loss, Comparative Biology of Feeding Behavio
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