Giving You the Cold Shoulder (Tips for Shoulder Surgery from Awake to Phrenic-Free)
Sep 29, 2023
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Shoulder surgery blocks and techniques are explored in this episode, including innervation, brachial plexus blocks, and the controversy surrounding terminology. Pain management techniques and the use of adjuvants are also discussed, along with awake shoulder surgery techniques and monitoring methods.
There are different approaches to performing shoulder blocks, such as interscalene, supraclavicular, and superclavicular nerve blocks, each targeting specific nerves for analgesia during shoulder surgeries.
The ideal length for a shoulder block depends on the type of surgery and patient's pain trajectory, and can be extended using adjuvants like dexamethasone or catheter-based infusions.
Tailoring the shoulder block to spare hand and finger function, understanding the nerves involved, and identifying hidden nerves within the muscle are important considerations for effective and safe shoulder blocks.
Deep dives
Different approaches to shoulder blocks
There are different approaches to performing shoulder blocks, such as interscalene, supraclavicular, and superclavicular nerve blocks. Each approach targets specific nerves to provide analgesia for shoulder surgeries. The interscalene block, which involves injecting local anesthetic between the C5 and C6 nerve roots, is the most common and often used as a first choice. However, there are alternative approaches, such as targeting individual nerves like the suprascapular, axillary, and supraclavicular nerves. These alternative approaches can be used alone or in combination, depending on the surgical procedure and pain trajectory.
Length and adjuvants in shoulder blocks
The ideal length for a shoulder block depends on the type of surgery and the patient's pain trajectory. For more painful surgeries like rotator cuff repair, it is beneficial to extend the block's duration as long as possible. Adjuvants like dexamethasone can help prolong analgesia and provide additional benefits, including reducing nausea and improving patient comfort. Another technique for prolonging the block is by using catheter-based infusions, where local anesthetic can be continuously delivered for several days. However, catheter-based blocks may be associated with displacement and require monitoring. Liposomal bupivacaine is another option that can provide effective prolonged analgesia for up to 60 to 72 hours.
Considerations for shoulder blocks
When performing shoulder blocks, it is important to consider the specific needs and concerns of each patient. Tailoring the block to spare hand and finger function can provide reassurance and help patients feel more comfortable during their recovery. Additionally, understanding the nerves involved and their respective dermatomes and branches can help guide the choice of block technique and ensure effective pain relief for shoulder surgeries.
Importance of Identifying Nerves during Scaling
During scaling, it is crucial to locate and identify nerves such as the dorsal scapular and long thoracic nerves, which are often hidden within the muscle. This is especially important for in-plane needling, as these nerves can be at risk. By tracing these nerves within the muscle, you can avoid potential complications and ensure safety during needling.
Superior Trunk Block and Phrenic Nerve Risk
The superior trunk block has gained popularity in shoulder surgery, aiming to treat the superior trunk as a peripheral nerve. However, it is essential to consider the risk of phrenic nerve blockade when administering significant volumes of local anesthetic in the brachial plexus region. While reducing volumes may lower the risk, alternative options like isolated suprascapular nerve blocks or combining suprascapular and axillary nerve blocks can be considered to minimize complications in high-risk patients with respiratory pathologies.
Amit & Jeff dive into blocks for shoulder surgery, going deep on innervation and exploring a variety of techniques to keep your shoulder patients happy and pain-free. Plus some shout outs, listener questions and a return of the word "gumph" (feel free to suggest alternative spellings...).
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