Exploring the groundbreaking research of psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky on decision-making, Behavioral Economics, availability heuristic, heuristic biases, Prospect Theory, and the collaboration between psychology and economics in challenging traditional economic theories.
Availability heuristic: People rely on vivid memories to make judgments, impacting decision-making.
Anchoring effect: Initial information influences judgments, leading to biased estimations in decision-making.
Deep dives
Challenging Economic Theory
The podcast discusses how young social scientists challenged the basic assumptions of economic theory. Noticing departures from rationality, Richard Thaler and Herb Simon set the stage, highlighting systematic bias as a crucial factor. Collaborating with psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, they delved into irrational decision-making patterns, leading to groundbreaking insights.
The Availability Heuristic
Kahneman and Tversky introduced the availability heuristic in 1974, revealing how people rely on vivid memories to make judgments. They showed that easily remembered events are often perceived as more common, influencing decisions. This mental shortcut simplifies cognitive processes but can lead to errors when vividness does not accurately reflect probability.
The Anchoring Heuristic
Another key heuristic, the anchoring effect, was identified by Kahneman and Tversky. People's judgments are influenced by initial information, even if irrelevant. The starting point, or 'anchor,' guides decision-making, often leading to biased estimations. This tendency to insufficiently adjust from the anchor can impact choices.
The Representativeness Heuristic
Kahneman and Tversky uncovered the representativeness heuristic, highlighting how people judge probability based on similarity rather than actual statistics. Using examples like Linda's profile, they demonstrated how individuals fall prey to stereotypes and overlook base rates. This bias in decision-making can lead to misjudgments and faulty conclusions.
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky were two psychologists with big ideas about how people made decisions. Their careful research launched a brand new way of understanding people’s choices, and it helped fan the flames of Behavioral Economics.
This is the second episode of a special series called: "They Thought We Were Ridiculous: The Unlikely Story of Behavioral Economics."
For more information, check out the Opinion Science webpage for this series: http://opinionsciencepodcast.com/episode/they-thought-we-were-ridiculous/